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Electronics Chapter 5: Band-Pass Filters
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Electronics Chapter 5: Band-Pass Filters

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a sensor in a biomedical instrumentation system?

  • To convert physical measurands into electric outputs (correct)
  • To amplify the output signal
  • To display the signal in a graphical format
  • To store the acquired data

    • What type of signal is generated by muscles or the brain?

  • Thermal signal
  • Chemical signal
  • Mechanical signal
  • Bioelectric signal (correct)

    • What is a node in a circuit?

  • A connected group of circuit elements
  • A point at which only one circuit element has a connection
  • A circuit element or connected group of circuit elements
  • A point at which two or more circuit elements have a common connection (correct)

    • What is a closed path in a circuit?

    <p>A path that starts and ends at the same node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the analog processing and digital conversion block in a biomedical instrumentation system?

    <p>To convert the signal to digital form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a display device in a biomedical instrumentation system?

    <p>To enable operators to view the signal in a format that is easy to understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential node in a circuit?

    <p>A point at which three or more circuit elements have a common connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a calibration signal in a biomedical instrumentation system?

    <p>To apply a signal with known amplitude and frequency content to the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) used for?

    <p>To analyze current in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of storage in a biomedical instrumentation system?

    <p>To enable further processing of the signal at a later time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) used for?

    <p>To analyze voltage in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of output device provides audible output, such as a beeping sound with each heartbeat?

    <p>Audible output device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a mesh in a circuit?

    <p>To define a closed path in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a branch and a node in a circuit?

    <p>A branch connects two or more nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an instrumentation system that acquires 24 hours of ECG data?

    <p>Holter monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible cases are there for a circuit element's current and voltage configuration?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem in biological monitoring?

    <p>Power line noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a notch frequency in a band-stop filter?

    <p>To eliminate power line noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inherent noise caused by?

    <p>Random processes fundamental to circuit operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in a computer?

    <p>To perform arithmetic calculations and logical operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer?

    <p>To direct the functioning of all other units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of low-pass filters in reducing noise?

    <p>To eliminate high-frequency components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't inherent noise be completely eliminated?

    <p>Because it arises from random processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic units of a computer?

    <p>CPU, Memory, and Arithmetic Logic Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of the voltage divider rule circuit?

    <p>To calculate the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the current divider rule circuit?

    <p>To calculate the current through a resistor in a series circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation represented in Figure 9.20?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Thevenin equivalent circuit in Figure 9.22?

    <p>To simplify complex circuits into a single voltage source and resistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the open circuit voltage, Voc, calculated in Figure 9.23?

    <p>By using the node-voltage method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the circuit in Figure 9.27?

    <p>To demonstrate a circuit that cannot be simplified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of the circuit in Figure 9.28?

    <p>To amplify weak signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an inductor and a capacitor?

    <p>An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field, while a capacitor stores energy in an electric field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a biomedical instrumentation system?

    <p>To monitor the output of a sensor and extract information from the signals produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of biomedical engineering principles in medical devices?

    <p>To perform electrical measurements and apply electronics engineering principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a band-pass filter?

    <p>It allows a specific frequency interval to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of implantable devices such as pacemakers?

    <p>To control physiological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a second-order and third-order Butterworth low-pass filter?

    <p>The order of the filter affects the frequency response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of biomedical devices in the diagnosis and treatment of disease?

    <p>To monitor patient conditions and acquire information for diagnostic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a noninvasive device such as a blood oxygen monitor?

    <p>It is used to acquire information for diagnostic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a biomedical instrumentation system?

    <p>To monitor the output of a sensor and extract information from the signals produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Voltage Divider Rule and Current Divider Rule

    • Figure 9.18 illustrates a voltage divider rule circuit
    • Figure 9.19 illustrates a current divider rule circuit
    • Ohm's law written in terms of node voltages is shown in Figure 9.20

    Dependent Sources and Equivalent Circuits

    • A dependent voltage source is located between nodes 1 and 2 in Figure 9.21
    • A general circuit consisting of independent and dependent sources can be replaced by a voltage source (Voc) in series with a resistor (REQ) in Figure 9.22
    • The open circuit voltage, Voc, is calculated across the terminals A,B using standard techniques such as the node-voltage method in Figure 9.23
    • The short circuit current, Isc, is calculated by placing a short across the terminals A,B and finding the current through the short using standard techniques such as the node-voltage method in Figure 9.24

    Inductors and Capacitors

    • An inductor is shown in Figure 9.25
    • A circuit with a capacitor is shown in Figure 9.26

    Operational Amplifiers

    • An eight-terminal operational amplifier is shown in Figure 9.28

    Filters

    • A realistic magnitude-frequency response for a band-pass filter is shown in Figure 9.37
    • Note that the magnitude M does not necessarily need to be one, and the passband is defined as the frequency interval when the magnitude is greater than M/2
    • A second-order Butterworth low-pass filter and a third-order Butterworth low-pass filter are shown in Figure 9.38

    Biomedical Instrumentation

    • The purpose of a biomedical instrumentation system is to monitor the output of a sensor(s) and extract information from the signals produced by the sensors
    • Biomedical instruments use a transducer or sensor to convert a signal created by the body into an electric signal
    • Applications include electrical measurements and electronics engineering principles to develop devices used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
    • Biomedical devices are used to monitor patient conditions, acquire information for diagnostic purposes, and control physiological functions

    Basic Instrumentation System

    • A measurand is a quantity, property, or condition measured by an instrumentation system
    • Sensors convert physical measurands into electric outputs, which are then sent to the analog processing and digital conversion block for amplification, filtration, conversion to digital form, and more
    • Display devices enable operators to view the signal in a format that is easy to understand, and can be numerical or graphical, discrete or continuous, and permanent or temporary
    • Storage devices are capable of storing signals, allowing for further processing or examination at a later time

    Calibration

    • A calibration signal is a signal with known amplitude and frequency content applied to the instrumentation system at the sensor's input

    Current and Kirchhoff's Laws

    • A node is a point at which two or more circuit elements have a common connection
    • A branch is a circuit element or connected group of circuit elements
    • A path is a connected group of circuit elements in which none is repeated
    • A closed path is a path that starts and ends at the same node
    • A mesh is a closed path that does not contain any other closed paths within it
    • Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving a node

    Voltage and Kirchhoff's Laws

    • Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the voltage changes around a closed path is zero
    • Voltage can be calculated using KVL for each closed path

    Power and Energy

    • Power and energy are important concepts in biomedical engineering
    • The 4 possible cases for a circuit element's current and voltage configuration are illustrated in the figure

    Noise

    • Power line noise is a very difficult problem in biological monitoring, and can be reduced using band-stop filters
    • Inherent noise arises from random processes, fundamental to the operation of the circuit's elements, and can be reduced using good circuit design practice
    • Low-pass filters are used to reduce high-frequency components of noise signals

    Computers

    • Computers consist of 3 basic units: central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), and memory
    • The CPU directs the functioning of all other units and controls the flow of information among units
    • The ALU performs arithmetic calculations and logical operations

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of band-pass filters, magnitude-frequency response, and passband definition. It is based on Chapter 5 of the textbook.

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