Ebola Virus Infection Prevention Measures

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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with Stage I of the disease?

Sore throat and headache

Skin rash in the face (correct)

Muscle and joint pain

Nausea and vomiting

What is a common late complication of the disease mentioned in the text?

Hearing loss (correct)

Vision loss

Memory loss

Hair loss

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with the second stage of the disease?

Anuria

Hiccups

Sore throat (correct)

Internal hemorrhage

How long can the virus be present in semen after clinical recovery according to the text?

Up to three months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of transmission according to the text?

Direct contact with skin rash Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is a sign that the disease has progressed to its second stage?

Anuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of transmission for tuberculosis in dogs?

Aerosols or ingestion of contaminated materials Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome when the immune system is compromised during tuberculosis infection?

Active tuberculosis with dissemination of bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is identified as the most common reservoir of M.bovis?

Cattle Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the immune response to Mycobacterium infection?

They recognize and engulf the bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for transmitting M.bovis to humans?

Occupational exposure in slaughterhouses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of bovine tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium bovis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the survival conditions of Mycobacterium bovis is correct?

It can survive in covered dung for up to 2 years. Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is most pronounced in cattle with pulmonary tuberculosis?

Cough that worsens during exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is least commonly associated with tuberculosis in sheep?

Chronic bronchopneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for in the context of Mycobacterium species?

To differentiate acid-fast bacilli Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Causative Agents

Mycobacterium bovis is primarily responsible for bovine tuberculosis (TB).
Mycobacterium africanum is mainly found in Africa, with occurrences in Germany and England.

General Characteristics

Mycobacteria are small, aerobic, non-motile, and non-sporogenic Gram-positive bacilli.
They do not retain dye due to high lipid and mycolic acid content, appearing bright red against a blue background with Ziehl–Neelsen staining.
Bacteria divide slowly every 16 to 20 hours and are resistant to alcohol and acid.
Can survive in dry states for weeks; M.bovis can persist for six weeks in carcasses and four weeks in feces under varying conditions.
Survival extends up to 58 days in contaminated water, two years in covered feces, and five months in diffuse sunlight.

Geographic Distribution

M.bovis has a worldwide distribution, while M.africanum is mostly found in Africa.

Signs of Bovine TB in Cattle

Pulmonary TB often shows chronic course without significant symptoms; reactivation can occur.
Coughing, dyspnea, and chronic bronchopneumonia develop as lung damage progresses, worsened by cold weather and exercise.
Other signs include tuberculous mastitis, reduced milk yield, metritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and pearl disease (tuberculous peritonitis or pleurisy).
In calves, primary lesions typically occur in mesenteric lymph nodes.

Disease in Other Animals

Sheep and Goats: Tuberculosis is rare and sporadic.
Horses: Infrequent cases, primarily caused by M.bovis, often affecting mesenteric lymph nodes.
Dogs and Cats: About 75% of dog cases are due to human bacillus; cats exhibit natural resistance to TB, with M.bovis being the major pathogen.

Immune Response

The immune system recognizes and sends macrophages to fight Mycobacterium; however, the bacteria can replicate within macrophages.
Accumulation of living and dead macrophages forms tubercles; thick capsules may form, transforming into granulomas.
Tubercles can become sealed and dormant, allowing the host to live normally when the immune system is strong.
Weak immune systems lead to active TB, with bacterial growth, tubercle breakdown, and potential dissemination throughout the body.

Sources of Infection

Infected Animals: TB can be transmitted through expired droplets, sputum, feces, urine, milk, and other bodily discharges.
Carcasses: Tissue and organs from infected animals are a significant infection source.
Contaminated Articles and Vehicles: Includes equipment in slaughterhouses, contaminated dust, and polluted air/water.
Fertilizer: Untreated baladi fertilizer can lead to vegetable contamination.

Reservoir of Infection

Cattle act as the maintenance reservoir, while other animal species serve as incidental reservoirs.

Mode of Transmission

Highest risk for children and occupational exposure, particularly among slaughterhouse workers.
Involves contact through abraded skin, inhalation of dust/droplets, and ingestion of contaminated food or milk products.
Accidental inoculation can occur during field or lab examinations.

Disease in Humans

Overcrowding, poverty, and poor ventilation are key predisposing factors for infection.

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Description

Learn about the important measures to prevent the spread of Ebola virus infection, including limiting contact with patients, proper hand hygiene, avoiding direct contact with infected individuals, and using personal protective equipment. Explore practical precautions to take during patient care.