Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of fault is most commonly associated with transform plate boundaries?
Which type of fault is most commonly associated with transform plate boundaries?
- Thrust fault
- Strike-slip fault (correct)
- Normal fault
- Reverse fault
An earthquake's focus is located 100 km beneath the surface. If a seismic station is located directly above the focus, what is the distance to the earthquake's epicenter?
An earthquake's focus is located 100 km beneath the surface. If a seismic station is located directly above the focus, what is the distance to the earthquake's epicenter?
- 0 km (correct)
- It cannot be determined with the information provided.
- 50 km
- 100 km
Why are S-waves crucial in determining that Earth's outer core is liquid?
Why are S-waves crucial in determining that Earth's outer core is liquid?
- S-waves convert into P-waves within the outer core, changing their velocity.
- S-waves speed up as they enter the outer core, indicating a change in density.
- S-waves reflect off the boundary of the outer core, creating shadow zones.
- S-waves are completely absorbed by the outer core, proving it cannot transmit shear waves. (correct)
A seismograph station records a P-wave arrival at 10:00:00 AM and an S-wave arrival at 10:05:00 AM. Using an earthquake distance graph, this lag time corresponds to a distance of 3000 km. If two other stations record distances of 4000 km and 5000 km for the same earthquake, what process is used to pinpoint the epicenter?
A seismograph station records a P-wave arrival at 10:00:00 AM and an S-wave arrival at 10:05:00 AM. Using an earthquake distance graph, this lag time corresponds to a distance of 3000 km. If two other stations record distances of 4000 km and 5000 km for the same earthquake, what process is used to pinpoint the epicenter?
Which seismic wave type typically causes the most significant damage to surface structures during an earthquake?
Which seismic wave type typically causes the most significant damage to surface structures during an earthquake?
How does the moment magnitude scale differ from the Richter scale in measuring earthquakes?
How does the moment magnitude scale differ from the Richter scale in measuring earthquakes?
At which plate boundary type would you expect to find reverse faults?
At which plate boundary type would you expect to find reverse faults?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between lava viscosity and eruption style?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between lava viscosity and eruption style?
What is the primary difference between primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves)?
What is the primary difference between primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves)?
A seismologist is assessing earthquake risk for a city. Which combination of factors would indicate the highest risk?
A seismologist is assessing earthquake risk for a city. Which combination of factors would indicate the highest risk?
Which volcanic feature is formed by the collapse of a volcano's summit after a major eruption?
Which volcanic feature is formed by the collapse of a volcano's summit after a major eruption?
What is the primary difference between a shield volcano and a composite volcano in terms of shape and eruption style?
What is the primary difference between a shield volcano and a composite volcano in terms of shape and eruption style?
Which of the following is the most likely long-term effect of a major volcanic eruption on global climate?
Which of the following is the most likely long-term effect of a major volcanic eruption on global climate?
A monitoring station near a dormant volcano detects a significant increase in the amount of sulfur dioxide being released. What could this indicate?
A monitoring station near a dormant volcano detects a significant increase in the amount of sulfur dioxide being released. What could this indicate?
Volcanoes are often found at plate boundaries. Which of the following plate boundary types is NOT typically associated with forming volcanoes?
Volcanoes are often found at plate boundaries. Which of the following plate boundary types is NOT typically associated with forming volcanoes?
How does the Modified Mercalli scale differ from other methods of measuring earthquakes?
How does the Modified Mercalli scale differ from other methods of measuring earthquakes?
Flashcards
Earthquake
Earthquake
Vibrations in the Earth’s ground due to the movement of plates at fault lines.
Fault
Fault
A break in the Earth’s lithosphere where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past another.
Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-Slip Fault
Occurs at transform plate boundaries (plates slide past each other).
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reverse Fault
Reverse Fault
Signup and view all the flashcards
Seismic Waves
Seismic Waves
Signup and view all the flashcards
Focus
Focus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epicenter
Epicenter
Signup and view all the flashcards
Modified Mercalli Scale
Modified Mercalli Scale
Signup and view all the flashcards
Earthquake Risk Indicators
Earthquake Risk Indicators
Signup and view all the flashcards
Volcano
Volcano
Signup and view all the flashcards
Convergent Boundary Volcanoes
Convergent Boundary Volcanoes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Divergent Boundary Volcanoes
Divergent Boundary Volcanoes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shield Volcano
Shield Volcano
Signup and view all the flashcards
Composite Volcano
Composite Volcano
Signup and view all the flashcards
Predicting Volcanoes
Predicting Volcanoes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Earthquakes
- Vibrations in the Earth's crust due to the movement of plates at fault lines are called Earthquakes.
- Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries
Faults
- A Fault is a break in the Earth's lithosphere.
- Faults occur where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past another block of rock.
- Strike slip faults occur at transform plate boundaries
- Normal faults occur at divergent plate boundaries
- Reverse faults occur at convergent plate boundaries
Earthquakes, Focus and Epicenter
- Seismic waves are energy that travels as vibrations on and in the Earth.
- The Focus is the point inside the Earth where the earthquake first starts.
- The Epicenter is the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus
Types of Seismic Waves
- Primary waves travel in a push-pull motion and are the fastest moving seismic wave
- Can travel through solids and liquids
- Also known as P-waves
- Secondary waves are slower than P-waves, but faster than surface waves
- Only travel through solids.
- Particles move in an up and down motion
- Also known as S-Waves
- Surface waves move in a round motion, are the slowest seismic wave and cause the most damage to earth's surface
Earth's Interior
- Discovery that the Earth's outer core is liquid came from the fact that S-waves cannot travel through liquids, whereas P-waves can travel through both solid and liquid.
Finding an Epicenter
- First find the distance between the arrival time of the P-wave and the arrival time of the S-wave
- Then, using an earthquake distance graph, you can determine the distance from the epicenter.
- Draw a circle with the correct distance around the station; repeat for two more stations.
- Where the circles intersect is the epicenter.
How to Measure Earthquakes
- Richter Scale measures of ground motion at a given distance.
- The Momentum Magnitude Scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake.
- The Modified Mercalli Scale measures earthquake intensity based on damage on a Scale from I - XII.
Earthquake Risks
Seismologists use 5 indicators to assess earthquake risk:
- Considering past earthquakes
- Probability
- Population density
- Geology around the fault
- Building design
Volcanoes
- A Volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust through which molten rock flows
- Volcanoes form where two plates collide and one plate subducts under another.
- Volcanoes form where two plates separate and magma comes out, such as mid ocean ridges and rift valleys.
- Volcanoes form at hot spots that are not associated with plate boundaries and usually form chains of islands, like Hawaii.
Types of Volcanoes
- Shield Volcanoes: Large shield-shaped volcanoes with gentle slopes and eruptions
- Composite Volcanoes: Large, steep-sided volcanoes that have explosive eruptions.
- Cinder Cone Volcanoes: Small, steep-sided volcanoes that erupt with gas-rich, basaltic lavas and moderately explosive eruptions
Caldera
- A Caldera is a large volcanic depression created when the summit of the volcano collapses during a strong eruption.
Types of Eruptions
- Quiet eruptions have a high lava viscosity and a high gas content
- Violent eruptions have a low lava viscosity and a low gas content
Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
- Lava Flows: move slowly, can destroy towns but are rarely deadly.
- Ash Fall: can cause breathing problems, cool the earth's atmosphere, and disrupt air traffic.
- Mudflows: snow and ice melts and mixes with mud/ash.
- Pyroclastic Flow: can be deadly, produced from violent eruptions and release gas and rock into the air.
Predicting Volcanoes
Monitoring tools used:
- Ground deformation
- Increase in earthquakes
- Volcanic gas increases
- Increased acidity of nearby water
Climate
- Volcanic eruptions can affect climate.
- Volcanic ash blocks the sun and causes a decrease in global temperatures, and may even cause acid rain.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Learn about earthquakes, faults, and seismic waves. Earthquakes are vibrations in the Earth's crust due to plate movement. Faults are breaks in the Earth's lithosphere. Seismic waves are energy that travels as vibrations.
