30 Questions
What causes ground ruptures to form during earthquakes?
Earthquake generated faults may propagate to the surface.
What are the 5 primary fault zones mentioned in the text?
West Panay Fault, West Valley Fault Line, East Valley Fault Line, Surigao Fault Line, Bangui Fault.
How are seismic waves generated during an earthquake?
Energy is released in seismic waves that travel from the earthquake's starting point.
What are the types of faults mentioned in the text?
Normal Fault, Reverse Fault, Strike-slip Fault.
How is ground shaking measured during an earthquake?
In terms of velocity, acceleration, frequency, content of the shaking, and duration.
What instrument is used to measure earthquakes?
Seismograph.
What is the difference between earthquake intensity and earthquake magnitude?
Intensity describes the severity of an earthquake's effects on the earth's surface and humans, while magnitude characterizes the relative size of an earthquake.
What are the primary effects of an earthquake?
Ground rupture, ground shaking, landslide, tsunami, and liquefaction.
What is the primary cause of damage during an earthquake?
Ground shaking.
What are some important items to prepare before an earthquake?
Fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, battery-powered radio, flashlight, and extra batteries.
What should you do after an earthquake?
Check yourself or others for injuries, check water, gas, electricity, turn on the radio, and stay out of damaged buildings.
What can significantly modify ground accelerations during an earthquake?
Soil conditions.
Define hazard exposure and vulnerability dimensions in disaster readiness and risk reduction.
Hazard exposure refers to the potential threat posed by natural or man-made hazards, while vulnerability dimensions refer to the factors that make individuals or communities more susceptible to the impacts of these hazards.
What are the two categories of hazards mentioned in the text? Provide examples for each.
The two categories are natural hazards (e.g., tsunami, earthquake) and man-made hazards (e.g., physical damages, socioeconomic internal damages).
Explain the impacts of disasters mentioned in the text.
The impacts include medical effects, damage to critical facilities, disruption of transformation, economic impact, global environmental change, and social and political impact.
What is the classification of hazard characteristics according to the text?
The hazard characteristics are classified into essential facilities, industrial and high potential loss facilities, facilities containing hazardous materials, transportation lifeliness, and utility lifeliness.
Explain the term 'risk' as mentioned in the text.
Risk refers to the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to negative results or unwanted events.
What is the etymology of the term 'disaster' according to the text?
The term 'disaster' comes from 'des' meaning bad and 'astre' meaning star, indicating an unwanted event or potential problem.
What are the two main causes of a tsunami?
Volcanic eruption or explosion, landslide, meteorite impact
How can an earthquake cause a tsunami?
Shallow focus earthquake displaces a large volume of oceanic crust which in turn displaces water
What are some effects of a tsunami?
Destruction, death, disease, environmental impacts
What is liquefaction and when does it occur?
The process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand turns into a suspension during an earthquake
What are some recommended ways to escape a tsunami?
Abandon belongings, head for high ground, climb to upper floor or roof, climb a tree, grab onto something that floats
What was the magnitude range of the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004?
9.1 - 9.3
How does liquefaction occur?
During an earthquake, the shaking rearranges sand particles, increasing pressure between grains.
What are the types of liquefaction?
Flow Failures, Lateral Spread, Ground Oscillation, Loss of Bearing Strength, Settlement
What are the effects of liquefaction?
Flooding, ground failures, and damage
What are the areas prone to liquefaction?
Areas layered by loose, well-spotted, water-saturated sand with the water table close to the surface
What are the causes of landslides?
Removal of support, Groundwater Pressure, Volcanic Eruption, Intense Rainfall, Snowmelt, Human Intervention, Earthquakes
What are some factors affecting slope stability?
Intact Rock Strength, Mass Weathering Grade, Spacing of Joints, Width and Continuity of Joints, Water Flow
Test your knowledge on earthquake safety measures such as staying calm, avoiding windows and doors, and checking for injuries and utility lines after an earthquake. Learn about the difference between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
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