Earth Science Chapter 11, Section 1
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of Earth’s atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen?

  • 50 percent
  • 95 percent
  • 78 percent (correct)
  • 21 percent

Which gas concentration in the atmosphere is considered variable and can change over time?

  • Water vapor (correct)
  • Argon
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen

What is the primary cause of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 150 years?

  • Natural decay
  • Deforestation
  • Industrial waste
  • Burning of fossil fuels (correct)

What are molecules of ozone formed from?

<p>An oxygen atom added to an oxygen molecule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is NOT classified as a permanent atmospheric gas?

<p>Ozone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The composition of Earth’s atmosphere is primarily stable for which of the following gases?

<p>Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere?

<p>Temperature of surrounding gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general relationship between permanent gases and variable gases in the atmosphere?

<p>Permanent gases have a consistent concentration over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

<p>To block harmful ultraviolet rays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atmospheric layer is closest to the Earth's surface?

<p>Troposphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to air temperature as altitude increases in the troposphere?

<p>It decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what altitude does the temperature stop decreasing in the troposphere?

<p>Tropopause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the atmosphere mainly experiences increasing temperature with altitude?

<p>Stratosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range of the stratosphere?

<p>-56.5°C to -2.5°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of particles can be found within Earth's atmosphere?

<p>Tiny solids and dust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers is furthest from the Earth's surface?

<p>Exosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atmospheric layer is characterized by a temperature decrease with altitude until reaching the mesopause?

<p>Mesosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the thermosphere?

<p>Temperatures increase with altitude. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the exosphere in terms of its position within the atmospheric layers?

<p>It marks the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of thermal energy in the context of atmospheric science?

<p>Kinetic energy of particles due to their motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is thermal energy primarily transferred from the Sun to the Earth?

<p>By radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atmospheric layer lies below the mesosphere?

<p>Stratosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the atmosphere has temperatures reaching up to 2000 degrees?

<p>Thermosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which atmospheric layer is the ionosphere located?

<p>Thermosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the rate of absorption of solar radiation in a specific area?

<p>The physical characteristics of the area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes conduction?

<p>It is the transfer of thermal energy through molecular collision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of thermal energy transfer in convection?

<p>Movement of heated material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to incoming solar radiation that is not absorbed by the Earth?

<p>It is reflected back into space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is not a method of energy transfer in the atmosphere?

<p>Condensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which state of matter does conduction primarily occur?

<p>Primarily in solids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased solar radiation affect energy absorption in an area?

<p>It can increase the rate of absorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of convection in the atmosphere?

<p>Movement of air currents due to temperature differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ozone Layer Function

Blocks harmful UV rays from reaching Earth's surface.

Atmospheric Particles

Tiny solids like dust, salt, and ice in the atmosphere.

Troposphere

Lowest layer of atmosphere; where weather occurs; most atmospheric mass.

Tropopause

Altitude where temperature stops decreasing in the troposphere.

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Stratosphere

Layer above troposphere; ozone layer located here; temperature primarily increases with altitude.

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Atmospheric Layers

Five distinct layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere.

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Variable Atmospheric Gases

Atmospheric components that can change in amount.

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Stratopause

Altitude where temperature increase stops in the stratosphere.

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Permanent Atmospheric Gases

Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) in the atmosphere, whose amounts stay about the same.

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Water Vapor

Water in gas form. The amount changes with seasons and altitude.

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Carbon Dioxide Increase

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has gone up in the last 150 years, mainly due to burning fuels.

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Ozone Formation

Ozone is formed by adding an oxygen atom to an oxygen molecule.

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Nitrogen Percentage

Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the atmosphere.

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Oxygen Percentage

Oxygen makes up about 21% of the atmosphere.

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Mesosphere Temperature

Air temperature decreases with altitude in the mesosphere, but then stops decreasing at the mesopause.

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Thermosphere Layer

The thermosphere is above the mesopause. It includes a region called the ionosphere.

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Exosphere Layer

The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. It transitions between the atmosphere and outer space.

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Thermal Energy

The total energy of the particles in an object from their random motion.

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Radiation Energy Transfer

Thermal energy is transferred via electromagnetic waves. It's how the Sun transfers energy to Earth.

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Mesosphere Altitude

The mesosphere's altitude ranges from -2.5 to -85.6.

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Thermosphere Altitude

The thermosphere's altitude ranges from -85.6 to 2000.

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Radiation in Atmosphere

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, like sunlight reaching Earth.

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Atmospheric Absorption

How much radiation Earth's surface or atmosphere takes in depends on its properties and the amount of sunlight.

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Conduction

Transferring heat through direct contact between molecules, like touching a hot stove.

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Convection

Transferring heat through the movement of fluids, like boiling water.

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What affects absorption?

The physical characteristics of an area and the amount of solar radiation it receives determine how much heat it absorbs.

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Energy Transfer Importance

Understanding energy transfer in the atmosphere is crucial for studying weather, climate, and overall Earth processes.

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Solar Radiation

Energy from the sun that travels to Earth as electromagnetic waves.

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Reflected Radiation

Some of the sun's energy bounces back into space without being absorbed by Earth.

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Study Notes

Earth Science Chapter 11, Section 1

  • Atmosphere composition is mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases
  • Argon comprises 0.93%
  • Carbon dioxide takes up 0.038%
  • Water vapor varies from 0.0% to 4% depending on factors like altitude and season
  • Concentrations of some gases like carbon dioxide fluctuate over time
  • Carbon dioxide concentration increased significantly during the industrial era, primarily due to fossil fuel burning
  • Ozone layer is crucial for shielding Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays; it's formed by the addition of an oxygen atom to an oxygen molecule
  • Atmospheric particles, such as dust, salt, and ice, are also in the atmosphere
  • The atmosphere has five layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere

Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

  • Radiation: Transfer of thermal energy through electromagnetic waves, from the sun to Earth. Incoming solar radiation reflects, absorbs into the atmosphere or is absorbed by Earth's surface
  • Conduction: Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between molecules. Heat transfer from the ground heating the air.
  • Convection: Transfer of thermal energy through the movement of heated material; warm air rising, cool air sinking.

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Chapter 11 Section 1 Atmospheric Basics PDF

Description

Explore the composition and layers of the atmosphere in this quiz. Understand the roles of different gases, the importance of the ozone layer, and the mechanisms of energy transfer in the atmosphere. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence Earth's climate and environment.

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