Chapter 11 Section 1 Atmospheric Basics PDF

11/18/2024 Chapter 11 Section 1 What is the gas and particle composition of the atmosphere? 1  11/18/2024 H...

11/18/2024 Chapter 11 Section 1 What is the gas and particle composition of the atmosphere? 1  11/18/2024 How is energy transferred in the atmosphere? Atmospheric Composition Air is a combination of gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, and particles, such as dust, water droplets, and ice crystals. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 2  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Composition Permanent atmospheric gases Earth’s atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). The amounts of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere are fairly constant over time. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition Variable atmospheric gases The concentrations of some atmospheric gases are not as constant over time as the concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen. The concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere varies with the seasons, with the altitude of a particular mass of air, and with the properties of the surface beneath the air. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 3  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Composition Variable atmospheric gases During the past 150 years, the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased, due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition Variable atmospheric gases Molecules of ozone are formed by the addition of an oxygen atom to an oxygen molecule. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 4  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Composition Variable atmospheric gases The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching Earth’s surface. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition Atmospheric particles Earth’s atmosphere contains variable amounts of solids in the form of tiny particles, such as dust, salt, and ice. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 5  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Layers The atmosphere is classified into five different layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers 20 to -56.6 Troposphere The layer closest to Earth’s surface, the troposphere, contains most of the mass of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. In the troposphere, air temperature decreases as altitude increases. The tropopause is the altitude at which the temperature stops decreasing. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 6  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Layers Stratosphere -56.5 to -2.5 Above the tropopause is the stratosphere, a layer in which the air temperature mainly increases with altitude and which contains the ozone layer. At the stratopause, air temperature stops increasing with altitude. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers Mesosphere -2.5 to -85.6 Above the stratopause is the mesosphere, in which air temperature decreases with altitude. Temperatures stop decreasing with altitude at the mesopause. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 7  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Layers Thermosphere -85.6 to 2000 The thermosphere is the layer above the mesopause and contains the ionosphere. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 8  11/18/2024 Atmospheric Layers Exosphere 2000 to 0 The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere and can be thought of as the transitional region between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Visualizing the Layers of the Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is made up of five layers. Each layer is unique in composition and temperature. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 9  11/18/2024 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere The total energy of the particles in an object due to their random motion is called thermal energy. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Radiation Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves. Thermal energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth by radiation. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 10  11/18/2024 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Radiation Incoming solar radiation is either reflected back into space or absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere or its surface. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 11  11/18/2024 What about us 12  11/18/2024 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Radiation The rate of absorption for any particular area varies depending on the physical characteristics of the area and the amount of solar radiation it receives. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Conduction Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between objects when their atoms or molecules collide. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 13  11/18/2024 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Convection Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated material from one place to another. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Atmospheric Basics 14  11/18/2024 Down and away Part one – Watch and Describe the video – Fill out worksheet Part two – Groups of 2 – Graph and answer the question 15