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Questions and Answers
What was a primary focus of psychology during the moral and mental philosophy stage?
Which philosophical view emphasized self-examination as a source of valid evidence?
What significant publication did John Dewey release during the U.S. Renaissance stage of psychology?
How did functionalism differ from structuralism?
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Which of these ideas is compatible with functionalism?
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What was one characteristic goal of the psychology stage known as functionalism?
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During which period did William James publish 'Principles of Psychology'?
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What was the role of introspection in the paradigm of structuralism?
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What does pragmatism assume about determinism?
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Which of the following describes the stream of consciousness?
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According to the neurophysiological explanation of habit formation, what is the role of repetition?
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Which maxim advises against slowly developing good habits?
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What is highlighted as essential in the maxim about habit development?
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What approach did William James oppose in psychology?
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What is the primary purpose of habits according to the content?
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Which statement reflects the views on radical empiricism?
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What is the primary focus of functional psychology according to Angell?
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Which element is NOT a component of the adaptive act proposed by Harvey Carr?
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How did the concept of progressive education influence teaching methods?
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What is meant by the statement that the mind and body act as a unit in functionalism?
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Which of the following statements aligns with the views of functionalism regarding learning?
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Which component of the self encompasses one's body and possessions?
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In the James-Lange theory of emotion, what is the sequence of emotional response?
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What does the ideomotor theory suggest about behavioral actions?
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What philosophy asserts that the truth of beliefs must be judged by their effectiveness?
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Granville Stanley Hall is credited with which of the following achievements?
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What does recapitulation theory suggest about individual development?
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What is one key idea in William James' view of self-esteem?
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What is the primary focus of functionalism in psychology according to pragmatism?
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Which aspect of adolescent life did Granville Stanley Hall emphasize in his theories?
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What was the title of Hall's significant work that encompassed various aspects of adolescence?
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What was Francis Sumner known for in the context of education for African Americans?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes Kenneth Bancroft Clark's contribution to psychology?
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How did Hall contribute to the reputation of psychoanalysis in the early 20th century?
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What was John Dewey's significant publication that is considered the starting point of functionalism?
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What role did Hall play in the development of educational psychology in the United States?
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What was one of the main areas of study that Hall believed was essential during adolescence?
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Study Notes
Early US Psychology
- Initial stages of psychology focused on topics like ethics, divinity, and philosophy
- The "American Enlightenment" began in 1714, influenced largely by John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"
- This work focused on child psychology, consciousness, the nature of knowledge, introspection, and perception.
- The second stage saw psychology become a separate discipline, largely influenced by Scottish common-sense views, which emphasized naïve realism and self-examination.
- The third stage, the US Renaissance, emerged in the late 1880s, marked by significant publications from John Dewey and William James, establishing psychology as an empirical science.
- Key considerations during this period included individual differences, adaptation to the environment, and practicality
Functionalism
- Functionalism combined science, emphasis on the individual, and evolutionary theory.
- It contrasted with structuralism, which aimed to understand the mind's structure through introspection, and functionalism believed the mind was best understood using evolutionary principles.
- Functionalism focused on how the mind and behavior help organisms adapt to the environment.
Existential Crisis
- Functionalism wrestled with the conflict of determinism vs. free will.
- It proposed pragmatism, the belief that an idea's validity lies in its effectiveness.
- This resulted in a focus on psychology as a science, with philosophy used for questions that science could not answer, and a focus on radical empiricism, which suggested all consistently reported aspects of human experience are worthy of study.
William James
- James conceptualized "stream of consciousness" as personal, continuous, ever-changing and selective, ultimately serving to aid the individual's adaptation to the environment.
- Habits, according to James, are formed through repeated activity, a process that creates neural pathways that become entrenched and potentially passed along.
- He advised five maxims for developing or eliminating habits:
- Create an environment that encourages good habits and discourages bad ones.
- Avoid acting contrary to a new habit.
- Commit fully to positive habits and abstain completely from negative ones.
- Focus on the act of engaging in good habits and avoiding bad ones, not just intending to do so.
- Force yourself to act in beneficial ways, even if initially distasteful or requiring substantial effort.
- James identified three components of the "empirical self":
- Material self: The body, family, and possessions owned
- Social self: The self known by others, with multiple social selves
- Spiritual self: The state of consciousness, one's subjective reality
- He argued that the self is both knower and known, object and subject, and was among the first to delve into self-esteem.
- The James-Lange theory of emotion suggested that bodily changes directly follow the perception of a stimulating fact. Emotions are dependent on actions: one feels sorry because they cry, angry because they strike, fearful because they tremble.
- The ideo-motor theory of behavior proposed that an idea of an action precedes and causes that action. Most actions are habitual or reflexive.
- For voluntary behavior, however, ideas of different behavioral possibilities are retained, requiring recollection and selection through mental effort.
- Pragmatism formed the cornerstone of functionalism, emphasizing that behaviors, thoughts, and beliefs are judged by their consequences.
Granville Stanley Hall
- Hall established the first psychology laboratory in the United States.
- He also founded the first psychology journal, the American Journal of Psychology, and was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
- Hall served as president of Clark University.
- His "recapitulation theory" suggested that an individual's development mirrors the species' evolution throughout their life.
- This theory greatly influenced his ideas on developmental psychology, contributing to advancements in educational psychology and the child development movement in the United States.
- Hall explored various aspects of adolescence, including sexual behavior, religious conversion, and the benefits of sex-segregated schools.
- He believed that adolescence offered a valuable window into the study of human instincts.
- Hall also focused on the study of developmental psychology and the aging process.
- His book, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education was a significant contribution to the field.
Francis Sumner
- Hall's final graduate student, Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
- While he publicly argued for segregated higher education, evidence suggests his personal beliefs and actions differed.
- This approach was likely motivated by pragmatism, seeing it as a means to secure funding for African American higher education.
- Sumner transformed the psychology department at Howard University into a major center for the education of African American psychologists.
Kenneth Bancroft Clark
- Clark was trained by Sumner, going on to earn his Ph.D. from Columbia University, alongside his wife Mamie Phipps Clark.
- The Clarks were pioneers in studying the effects of prejudice, discrimination, and segregation on children.
- They played a crucial role in desegregation efforts in schools.
Hall's Legacy at Clark University
- In 1908, Hall invited prominent European psychologists to Clark University for its 20th anniversary.
- Though Wundt was invited, he was unable to attend due to prior commitments, leading Freud to comment that the visit significantly contributed to the global reception of his theories.
Functionalism at Chicago
- John Dewey's essay, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology," is considered a landmark in the formal establishment of functionalism.
- Dewey proposed viewing the three elements of the reflex arc (sensory processes, brain processes, motor response) as a coordinated system working towards a goal, usually survival-related.
- Dewey was influential in shaping progressive education, which advocated for student-centered learning rather than subject-centered learning, and for learning by doing.
- Dewey was also involved in liberal causes.
Functionalism at Chicago Continued
- James Angell outlined three key points of functionalism:
- Functional psychology is interested in mental operations, not conscious elements.
- Mental processes mediate between the organism's needs and the environment.
- Mind and body cannot be separated; they function as a unit in survival efforts.
- Harvey Carr emphasized learning as a primary tool for environmental adaptation.
- He proposed the "adaptive act," consisting of:
- A motive: A stimulus for behavior, such as hunger or thirst.
- An environmental setting: The situation the organism is in.
- A response: An action that satisfies the motive.
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Description
Explore the foundations of psychology in the early United States, including influences from philosophy and key figures like John Dewey and William James. This quiz highlights the transition from philosophical thought to psychology as an empirical science and the emergence of functionalism. Test your knowledge on the evolution of psychological concepts and their practical applications.
