Early Lexical Acquisition Concepts
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What is an example of underextension in early lexical acquisition?

  • Using the term 'table' to describe all furniture
  • Identifying a chair as anything you can sit on
  • Calling only a wooden chair a 'chair' (correct)
  • Referring to all types of chairs as 'chair'

    • Which factor is NOT part of the SICI Continuum related to word acquisition?

  • Imageability
  • Individuality
  • Complexity (correct)
  • Shape

    • When does the vocabulary 'spurt' typically occur in early lexical development?

  • 15 months
  • 24 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes fast-mapping in language acquisition?

    <p>Quick association of a word with its referent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the early lexicon in terms of word types?

    <p>Mainly nouns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which speech act involves prompting someone to take a specific action?

    <p>Requesting action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What semantic role describes the doer of an action in a sentence?

    <p>Agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a semantic relation where an action is linked to a location?

    <p>Action + Locative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of converging evidence, what does the term refer to?

    <p>Patterns across various assessment outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a semantic role?

    <p>Active Inquiry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the MacArthur Bates evaluation tool for the developmental group of 8-18 months?

    <p>It is a communication-specific checklist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about direct intervention is true?

    <p>It is delivered exclusively by speech-language pathologists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of indirect intervention?

    <p>Naturalistic language input by caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does caregiver coaching impact caregivers according to the mentioned content?

    <p>It enhances their self-efficacy at home and in educational settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT)?

    <p>It emphasizes responsive interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of standardized tests for communication evaluation in young children?

    <p>They focus exclusively on physical development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for providing effective language intervention to toddlers?

    <p>Utilizing both direct and indirect interventions simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) approach?

    <p>To promote social interaction for better learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when making a diagnosis in language assessment?

    <p>Impact on daily living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the intervention recommendations?

    <p>Monitoring physical health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do SMART goals emphasize in language intervention planning?

    <p>Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-based outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does family-centered practice manifest in early intervention settings?

    <p>Through the development of Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do caregivers play in the preschool team during transitions out of early intervention?

    <p>Caregivers collaborate to develop the child's plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor to include when making a prognosis for a young child?

    <p>Short-term prognosis considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment method would provide insights into a child's natural language use?

    <p>Dynamic assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a clinic setting, what is an important step after gathering all information about a child?

    <p>Putting all information together for a cohesive plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT)?

    <p>To develop functional communication in a child's everyday environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves giving a cue and waiting for the child to respond verbally?

    <p>Elicited model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the strategy of environmental arrangement entail in the context of EMT?

    <p>Arranging materials to promote interaction and engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy focuses on expanding a child's utterance into a longer sentence?

    <p>Expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of EMT, what does 'reciprocity' emphasize?

    <p>Shared communication back and forth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the strategy known as 'focused stimulation' function?

    <p>By using multiple examples of a target in meaningful contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is specifically associated with needing Total Communication Approach (TCA)?

    <p>Children who are Deaf/Hard of Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Mand model' procedure involve?

    <p>Prompting the child with a question to elicit a verbal request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of 'time delay' in language learning?

    <p>A pause to encourage the child to respond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language learning, what does 'buildups and breakdowns' aim to achieve?

    <p>To enhance imitation and comprehension skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception is addressed by teaching 'imitation' as a foundational language learning strategy?

    <p>Children learn best through direct instruction only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention strategy is particularly emphasized for children with Late Language Emergence (LLE)?

    <p>Active engagement and increased imitation opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is language sampling (LSA) used in the emerging language stage?

    <p>To monitor a child's language in more naturalistic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of communication does 'narration and descriptive talk' emphasize?

    <p>Labeling and talking about events happening around the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Lexical Acquisition

    • Fast-mapping: the initial and quick connection made between a referent and a novel word

      • This process is fast and loose, resulting in potential over- or under-extensions
      • Under-extension: applying a word too narrowly (e.g., "chair" only refers to a specific chair, not all chairs)
      • Over-extension: applying a word too broadly (e.g., "chair" refers to anything you can sit on, not just chairs)

    • SICI Continuum: accounts for factors beyond grammatical categories in word learning

      • Factors like shape, individuality, concreteness, and imageability are more important for early development than grammatical category.

    Characteristics of the Early Lexicon

    • Dominance of Nouns: the majority of a child's first 50 words are typically nouns
      • However, all grammatical categories may be present, but animate nouns are acquired earliest.

    Components of a Thorough Evaluation

    • Standardized Tests: MacArthur Bates and Preschool Language Scale are communication-specific standardized tests
      • MacArthur Bates: assesses receptive and expressive vocabulary and skills, focusing on words and actions used by the child, includes games and routines
        • Targets children from 8-18 months, provides percentile rank
      • Preschool Language Scale: communication-specific test used to evaluate language development

    Intervention for Emerging Language

    • Direct Intervention: typically facilitated by an SLP

      • Child-led: creating environments that spark the child's interest
      • Clinician-directed: sometimes more effective, but should be combined with indirect intervention
      • Focuses on building the foundation for language development

    • Indirect Intervention: delivered by caregivers, daycare providers, or anyone trained to understand the approach

      • Caregiver coaching: evidence-based approach utilizing naturalistic language input throughout the day
        • Focuses on improving self-efficacy for caregivers and enhancing language outcomes for children

    • Ideal Approach: both direct and indirect interventions work together to provide comprehensive support.

    Caregiver Coaching

    • Teach, Model, Coach, Review: the key elements of caregiver coaching

    EMT Foundations: Enhanced Milieu Teaching

    • Purpose: to provide therapy for social interaction and support brain development through interaction

    EMT Core Principles

    • Responsive Interaction: following the child's lead, responding to verbal and nonverbal initiations, providing meaningful, semantic feedback, and expanding on the child's utterances

      • Serves as the foundation of EMT
      • Caregivers are coached on responsivity education

    • Naturalistic: Utilizes the child's natural environment and activities for learning

    • Flexible: adapts to the child's interests and needs

    EMT Core Procedures

    • (Elicited) Model: verbally modeling the desired language and waiting for the child to repeat it

    • Mand Model: using a verbal prompt or question to elicit language (e.g., "say ___", "what do you want?")

    • Time Delay: pausing to provide opportunities for the child to respond, offer visual choices, or provide assistance, depending on the child's needs

    • Incidental Teaching: taking advantage of natural opportunities within the environment to elicit language

      • Involves environmental arrangement to create learning opportunities

    Strategies for Within and Alongside EMT

    • Environmental Arrangement: using high-interest materials that elicit responses, arranging materials strategically (2-3 at a time), and managing materials to maintain the child's engagement (e.g., turn-taking, gatekeeping)

    • Responsiveness: following the child's lead, expanding on their utterances, employing a "serve & return" approach, and serving as the foundation for EMT

    • Buildups + Breakdowns: building up the child's production and then breaking it down into smaller parts for easier imitation and comprehension

    • Imitation: acknowledging the importance of direct models, particularly for children with DLD who may rely heavily on them

      • Focuses on teaching an imitation hierarchy
        • SLP imitates child, child imitates SLP, child imitates with a delay after SLP, child produces spontaneously

    • Expansion + Recasting: expanding on the child's utterance into a longer sentence and recasting it in a different grammatical form, or simply extending the child's utterance

    • Narration/ Descriptive Talk: using self-talk, labeling, parallel talk, and toy talk to describe events happening.

    • Focused Stimulation: providing multiple examples of the target, embedding them in meaningful communicative contexts, and offering opportunities for production

      • Improves both comprehension and production

    EMT Adaptations for Specific Groups

    • Total Communication Approach (TCA): using and accepting all forms of communication equally

      • Applicable to children who are Deaf/HOH, as well as those with diagnoses like CAS and ASD

    • Down Syndrome: emphasizing communication in joint engagement play, teaching play skills, and recognizing a visual learning style

      • Generalization can be challenging for this group

    • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): focusing on joint attention, symbolic play, engagement, regulation, and play and engagement skills

      • Increased intervention may be necessary for late language emergence
      • Importance of imitation and receptive language

    LSA in the Emerging Language Stage

    • Language Sample Analysis (LSA): analyzing the child's language production in natural settings, not just during standardized testing

    • Why Use LSA:

      • to examine a child's language production in more naturalistic environments
      • to assess a broad range of skills
      • to analyze repeated patterns over time

    LSA What to Assess

    • Speech Acts: how a child uses language for different purposes

      • Labeling, requesting actions, requesting answers, calling, greeting, protesting, answering, repeating, practicing

    • Semantic Roles: the relationship between words in a sentence

      • Action, agent, existence, recurrence, nonexistence, rejection denial, attribution, possession, locative action, state, demonstrative

    • Semantic Relations: the relationship between words in a sentence based on their meaning

      • Agent + Action, Action + Object, Agent + Object, Action + Locative, Entity + Locative, Possessor + Possession, Entity + Attribute, Demonstrative + Entity

    Converging Evidence

    • Converging Evidence: consistent patterns across various assessment results
      • Multiple assessments provide a stronger picture of a child's abilities
      • Components of a thorough evaluation include caregiver interviews, case history, observations, standardized tests, LSA, and dynamic assessments

    Putting it all Together

    • Diagnostic Considerations:

      • Significant deficits in form, content, or use of language
      • Significant deficits in comprehension or production
      • Impacts on daily living

    • Prognosis: future plans and short-term prognosis for young children

    • Intervention Recommendations: suggested goals, benefiting from intervention, progress monitoring procedures

    Family-Centered Practice

    • Early Intervention: uses the IFSP (Individualized Family Service Plan) to incorporate the child's skills within their home environment and routines

    • Clinic Settings: synthesizes all collected information, collaborates with caregivers on goal setting, and implements evidence-based practices

    • Goal Selection: SMART goals: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-based

    Rationale for Caregiver Coaching

    • Caregiver coaching is crucial for enhancing a child's language development in their natural settings.

    Interprofessional Practice

    • Preschool Team: involves caregivers, SLPs, teachers, OTs, and other professionals as needed
      • Collaboratively evaluates the child (0-3 years old) and develops an IFSP
      • Provides ongoing speech and language support
      • Focuses on goal selection that promotes the child's skill development within daily routines and settings.

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    Exam 2 - Topics Review, Early Lexical Acquisition (PDF)

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in early lexical acquisition, including fast-mapping, under- and over-extension of words, and the SICI continuum. Additionally, it highlights the characteristics of a child's early lexicon, emphasizing the dominance of nouns and the role of standardized tests in evaluating vocabulary development.

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