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What has been a primary focus in art history lectures in recent decades?
What has been a primary focus in art history lectures in recent decades?
The French Academy did not play a significant role in shaping artistic conventions.
The French Academy did not play a significant role in shaping artistic conventions.
False
What major shift occurred in art training during the 20th century?
What major shift occurred in art training during the 20th century?
Art training shifted to universities.
The academy is likened to a ______, representing a space separate from everyday life.
The academy is likened to a ______, representing a space separate from everyday life.
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Match the following elements with their corresponding aspects of art history:
Match the following elements with their corresponding aspects of art history:
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Which type of painting was ranked lowest in Felibien's hierarchy?
Which type of painting was ranked lowest in Felibien's hierarchy?
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Human figure paintings were considered the highest rank in Felibien's hierarchy.
Human figure paintings were considered the highest rank in Felibien's hierarchy.
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What did Cennini's text mark the beginning of?
What did Cennini's text mark the beginning of?
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What concept did the academy promote that involved elevating artists to a godlike status?
What concept did the academy promote that involved elevating artists to a godlike status?
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Charles Le Brun systematized emotions through distinct categories of __________.
Charles Le Brun systematized emotions through distinct categories of __________.
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The Accademia del Disegno was established in the 16th century.
The Accademia del Disegno was established in the 16th century.
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Who played a crucial role in shaping the academic tradition during the Renaissance?
Who played a crucial role in shaping the academic tradition during the Renaissance?
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What did the 'Ancients' prioritize as the essence of art?
What did the 'Ancients' prioritize as the essence of art?
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The emergence of the Salon marked the end of art exhibitions.
The emergence of the Salon marked the end of art exhibitions.
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The Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture was founded in ____ under King Louis XIV.
The Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture was founded in ____ under King Louis XIV.
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Which of the following was a primary aim of the Accademia di San Luca?
Which of the following was a primary aim of the Accademia di San Luca?
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What transformation occurred to the French Academie in the 19th century?
What transformation occurred to the French Academie in the 19th century?
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Match the following art academies with their key characteristics:
Match the following art academies with their key characteristics:
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Leonardo da Vinci proposed a curriculum that focused on perspective, drawing from nature, and proportion.
Leonardo da Vinci proposed a curriculum that focused on perspective, drawing from nature, and proportion.
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The emphasis on established styles and conventions in the French Academy led to the development of ____.
The emphasis on established styles and conventions in the French Academy led to the development of ____.
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What was the primary purpose of art for the Roman Catholic Church?
What was the primary purpose of art for the Roman Catholic Church?
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The Medieval Craft Guilds focused on individual artistic expression over community cooperation.
The Medieval Craft Guilds focused on individual artistic expression over community cooperation.
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Who completed 'Il Libro dell’Arte' and in what year?
Who completed 'Il Libro dell’Arte' and in what year?
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According to Cennini, art is considered part of the 'wages' of __________.
According to Cennini, art is considered part of the 'wages' of __________.
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What aspect of artistry was not as central in the guild system compared to modern perspectives?
What aspect of artistry was not as central in the guild system compared to modern perspectives?
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Cennini viewed the artist as equal to God and the saints.
Cennini viewed the artist as equal to God and the saints.
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What was the training pattern for an artist in the guild system during the Middle Ages?
What was the training pattern for an artist in the guild system during the Middle Ages?
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What theoretical approach did the German-Jewish art historians introduce to American art history?
What theoretical approach did the German-Jewish art historians introduce to American art history?
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Erwin Panofsky believed that American art history was primarily about theoretical depth.
Erwin Panofsky believed that American art history was primarily about theoretical depth.
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Who criticized the direction of art history in the American academia during the mid-20th century?
Who criticized the direction of art history in the American academia during the mid-20th century?
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Heinrich Wolfflin's innovative lectures in the 1930s allowed for __________ comparisons of artworks.
Heinrich Wolfflin's innovative lectures in the 1930s allowed for __________ comparisons of artworks.
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Match the individual with their contribution or perspective:
Match the individual with their contribution or perspective:
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Which of the following was a concern noted by the College Art Association regarding American art history?
Which of the following was a concern noted by the College Art Association regarding American art history?
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The comparative method has remained a minor approach in American art history classrooms.
The comparative method has remained a minor approach in American art history classrooms.
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What technological advancement significantly influenced art history teaching methods?
What technological advancement significantly influenced art history teaching methods?
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Which academy is recognized as the oldest continuous academy in the United States?
Which academy is recognized as the oldest continuous academy in the United States?
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Benjamin Franklin was an advocate for including drawing in the education curriculum.
Benjamin Franklin was an advocate for including drawing in the education curriculum.
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What foundational text is considered significant in the history of art history?
What foundational text is considered significant in the history of art history?
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Franz Kugler is known as the first art historian professor at the __________ Academy of Art.
Franz Kugler is known as the first art historian professor at the __________ Academy of Art.
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Match the following individuals with their contributions or roles:
Match the following individuals with their contributions or roles:
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Which aspect did early American art history emphasize over others?
Which aspect did early American art history emphasize over others?
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German universities lost their leadership in art history by the early 1930s.
German universities lost their leadership in art history by the early 1930s.
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What influence did Charles Eliot Norton believe art had on society?
What influence did Charles Eliot Norton believe art had on society?
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Study Notes
Early Institutions: Church and Guilds
- The Roman Catholic Church used art primarily to teach religious concepts, especially to those who couldn't read.
- Images were seen as visual texts, not idols, crucial in the Middle Ages due to low literacy rates.
- This approach, however, overlooks the artistic elements of beauty inherent in art, potentially reducing the art to mnemonic devices— tools for remembering.
- Medieval Craft Guilds emerged in the 12th century as fraternal organizations focused on the practical aspects of art creation, building, and sale.
- Guilds fostered a strong sense of community, unlike modern, independent artists
- Guild training followed a structured apprenticeship (around 7 years) leading to journeyman status and eventually to master status with assistants. The practical focus on skill, however, meant originality wasn't the main goal. This differs from a modern perspective.
Cennini's "Il Libro dell'Arte"
- Cennini's 1437 handbook provided insights into medieval artists' self-perception and practices.
- The artist was seen as subservient to God and saints.
- Painting was viewed as a 'wage' stemming from humanity's fall from grace. However, it also holds redemptive power.
- The text outlines the manual labor involved in creating art – various steps of the creative process.
- This marked the beginning of the Renaissance, emphasizing the artist’s individual creativity and potential for innovation.
The Renaissance Academy
- The revival of the Academy concept in 15th-century Florence was fueled by the reintroduction of Plato's works.
- Lorenzo de' Medici supported an academy for intellectual discussions on Greek philosophy.
- However, in the 16th century, academies focused specifically on artists emerged, recognizing art as a significant intellectual endeavor.
- Leonardo da Vinci was instrumental in differentiating between the mechanical skill and the intellectual work of an artist. The artist's role was elevated by emphasizing their mental faculty and artistic thought processes.
- A curriculum emerged, including core topics like perspective, proportion, drawing from nature, and from the teacher's work.
- The Accademia del Disegno was formed in Florence by Vasari and Cosimo I, representing the first formal art academy.
The French Academy
- Founded in 1648 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert during King Louis XIV's reign, the French Academy reflected Louis XIV's ambition to control culture.
- Emphasis was placed on following convention, established styles, and established masters; originality was secondary.
- This led to French Classicism.
- A hierarchy categorized painting genres (subject matter). Still lifes were at the lowest rank, followed by landscapes, while religious scenes like depictions of the sacraments were at the highest.
- Reflecting societal values.
The Academy as a Site of Learning
- Academies provided a framework for art learning and instruction.
- The academy was envisioned as a space separate from the everyday, possibly drawing on the idea of a university campus or a garden.
- Academies evolved from incorporating Church and Guild conventions to becoming institutions supporting both practical skills and intellectual development.
- The French Academy’s influence is seen in the conventions, hierarchies, and the relationship between art and the state.
- The shift of art training to universities in the 20th century and the increasing profession of art history further transformed the academy and led to a need for balancing academic demands with public engagement.
The "Ancients" vs "Moderns" Debate
- This 17th-century debate examined the source of artistic authority.
- "Ancients" favored adhering to classical ideals from antiquity while "Moderns" emphasized contemporary artists' insights, particularly color.
Art History in the Mid-20th Century
- Art history became a recognized discipline in American academia, closely tied with liberal arts.
- The focus in the 20th Century was on the use of chronological surveys.
- This sometimes ignored theoretical perspectives.
- Concerns around the lack of theoretical awareness in American art compared to European art were raised.
- This pointed to a difference in context between American and European thought, influencing the development of both.
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Description
Explore the role of the Roman Catholic Church and medieval craft guilds in the development of art during the Middle Ages. This quiz examines how art was used as a teaching tool and the structured apprenticeship system of guilds that shaped artists' skills and community. Reflect on the contrast between medieval practices and modern artistic independence.