THE ACADEMIES, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, AND MA'AM LISA'S STUDY GUIDE
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Questions and Answers

What has been a primary focus in art history lectures in recent decades?

  • The role of art in modern society
  • The influence of political events on art
  • The financial aspect of art selling
  • Chronological surveys of art periods (correct)
  • The French Academy did not play a significant role in shaping artistic conventions.

    False

    What major shift occurred in art training during the 20th century?

    Art training shifted to universities.

    The academy is likened to a ______, representing a space separate from everyday life.

    <p>garden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements with their corresponding aspects of art history:

    <p>Chronological surveys = Focus on art periods Iconographic elements = Analysis of symbols in art French Academy = Shaping artistic conventions 20th century shift = Professionalization of art history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of painting was ranked lowest in Felibien's hierarchy?

    <p>Still lifes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human figure paintings were considered the highest rank in Felibien's hierarchy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cennini's text mark the beginning of?

    <p>The Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did the academy promote that involved elevating artists to a godlike status?

    <p>Ideal realm of perfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charles Le Brun systematized emotions through distinct categories of __________.

    <p>facial expressions and gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Accademia del Disegno was established in the 16th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who played a crucial role in shaping the academic tradition during the Renaissance?

    <p>Leonardo da Vinci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 'Ancients' prioritize as the essence of art?

    <p>Line (disegno)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emergence of the Salon marked the end of art exhibitions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture was founded in ____ under King Louis XIV.

    <p>1648</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a primary aim of the Accademia di San Luca?

    <p>To elevate the social standing of the artist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Felibien's hierarchy = Ranking of painting types based on subject matter Ideal realm = Perfection transcending reality Charles Le Brun = Systematized emotions into distinct categories Salons = Public exhibitions beginning modern art shows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurred to the French Academie in the 19th century?

    <p>Reconstituted as the Ecole des Beaux-Arts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following art academies with their key characteristics:

    <p>Accademia del Disegno = First formal art academy in Florence Accademia di San Luca = Admitted non-artists and art lovers French Academy = Founded under King Louis XIV Renaissance Academy = Emphasized intellectual discussions and Greek philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leonardo da Vinci proposed a curriculum that focused on perspective, drawing from nature, and proportion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emphasis on established styles and conventions in the French Academy led to the development of ____.

    <p>French Classicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of art for the Roman Catholic Church?

    <p>To serve as a tool for religious instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Medieval Craft Guilds focused on individual artistic expression over community cooperation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who completed 'Il Libro dell’Arte' and in what year?

    <p>Cennino Cennini, 1437</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cennini, art is considered part of the 'wages' of __________.

    <p>sin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of artistry was not as central in the guild system compared to modern perspectives?

    <p>Originality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cennini viewed the artist as equal to God and the saints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the training pattern for an artist in the guild system during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Apprenticeship, journeyman, master</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical approach did the German-Jewish art historians introduce to American art history?

    <p>Interdisciplinary approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erwin Panofsky believed that American art history was primarily about theoretical depth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who criticized the direction of art history in the American academia during the mid-20th century?

    <p>James Ackerman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heinrich Wolfflin's innovative lectures in the 1930s allowed for __________ comparisons of artworks.

    <p>visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the individual with their contribution or perspective:

    <p>Erwin Panofsky = Clash of positivism and theoretical depth James Ackerman = Critique of chronological surveys E.H. Gombrich = Innovative teaching methods in art history College Art Association = Report on cautiousness in American art history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a concern noted by the College Art Association regarding American art history?

    <p>Conformity and minimizing eccentricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The comparative method has remained a minor approach in American art history classrooms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological advancement significantly influenced art history teaching methods?

    <p>Slide projectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which academy is recognized as the oldest continuous academy in the United States?

    <p>Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benjamin Franklin was an advocate for including drawing in the education curriculum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foundational text is considered significant in the history of art history?

    <p>Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franz Kugler is known as the first art historian professor at the __________ Academy of Art.

    <p>Berlin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions or roles:

    <p>John Ruskin = First Slade Professorship at Oxford Charles Eliot Norton = Introduced art history lectures at Harvard Johan Winckelmann = Author of a foundational text in art history Jakob Burckhardt = Pivotal figure in modern art history development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect did early American art history emphasize over others?

    <p>Factual knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    German universities lost their leadership in art history by the early 1930s.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence did Charles Eliot Norton believe art had on society?

    <p>Civilizing influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Institutions: Church and Guilds

    • The Roman Catholic Church used art primarily to teach religious concepts, especially to those who couldn't read.
    • Images were seen as visual texts, not idols, crucial in the Middle Ages due to low literacy rates.
    • This approach, however, overlooks the artistic elements of beauty inherent in art, potentially reducing the art to mnemonic devices— tools for remembering.
    • Medieval Craft Guilds emerged in the 12th century as fraternal organizations focused on the practical aspects of art creation, building, and sale.
    • Guilds fostered a strong sense of community, unlike modern, independent artists
    • Guild training followed a structured apprenticeship (around 7 years) leading to journeyman status and eventually to master status with assistants. The practical focus on skill, however, meant originality wasn't the main goal. This differs from a modern perspective.

    Cennini's "Il Libro dell'Arte"

    • Cennini's 1437 handbook provided insights into medieval artists' self-perception and practices.
    • The artist was seen as subservient to God and saints.
    • Painting was viewed as a 'wage' stemming from humanity's fall from grace. However, it also holds redemptive power.
    • The text outlines the manual labor involved in creating art – various steps of the creative process.
    • This marked the beginning of the Renaissance, emphasizing the artist’s individual creativity and potential for innovation.

    The Renaissance Academy

    • The revival of the Academy concept in 15th-century Florence was fueled by the reintroduction of Plato's works.
    • Lorenzo de' Medici supported an academy for intellectual discussions on Greek philosophy.
    • However, in the 16th century, academies focused specifically on artists emerged, recognizing art as a significant intellectual endeavor.
    • Leonardo da Vinci was instrumental in differentiating between the mechanical skill and the intellectual work of an artist. The artist's role was elevated by emphasizing their mental faculty and artistic thought processes.
    • A curriculum emerged, including core topics like perspective, proportion, drawing from nature, and from the teacher's work.
    • The Accademia del Disegno was formed in Florence by Vasari and Cosimo I, representing the first formal art academy.

    The French Academy

    • Founded in 1648 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert during King Louis XIV's reign, the French Academy reflected Louis XIV's ambition to control culture.
    • Emphasis was placed on following convention, established styles, and established masters; originality was secondary.
    • This led to French Classicism.
    • A hierarchy categorized painting genres (subject matter). Still lifes were at the lowest rank, followed by landscapes, while religious scenes like depictions of the sacraments were at the highest.
    • Reflecting societal values.

    The Academy as a Site of Learning

    • Academies provided a framework for art learning and instruction.
    • The academy was envisioned as a space separate from the everyday, possibly drawing on the idea of a university campus or a garden.
    • Academies evolved from incorporating Church and Guild conventions to becoming institutions supporting both practical skills and intellectual development.
    • The French Academy’s influence is seen in the conventions, hierarchies, and the relationship between art and the state.
    • The shift of art training to universities in the 20th century and the increasing profession of art history further transformed the academy and led to a need for balancing academic demands with public engagement.

    The "Ancients" vs "Moderns" Debate

    • This 17th-century debate examined the source of artistic authority.
    • "Ancients" favored adhering to classical ideals from antiquity while "Moderns" emphasized contemporary artists' insights, particularly color.

    Art History in the Mid-20th Century

    • Art history became a recognized discipline in American academia, closely tied with liberal arts.
    • The focus in the 20th Century was on the use of chronological surveys.
    • This sometimes ignored theoretical perspectives.
    • Concerns around the lack of theoretical awareness in American art compared to European art were raised.
    • This pointed to a difference in context between American and European thought, influencing the development of both.

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    Description

    Explore the role of the Roman Catholic Church and medieval craft guilds in the development of art during the Middle Ages. This quiz examines how art was used as a teaching tool and the structured apprenticeship system of guilds that shaped artists' skills and community. Reflect on the contrast between medieval practices and modern artistic independence.

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