Early Human Ancestors and Civilizations
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic contributed to the increased reliance of Homo Ergaster mothers on their partners and social group?

  • The development of tools for hunting.
  • The migration out of Africa.
  • The development of language.
  • The increased size of the infant's brain at birth. (correct)

    • What is the main reason why Homo Ergaster had such a high energy consumption?

  • The high energy requirements of its brain. (correct)
  • The need for a complex social system.
  • Its need for food to travel long distances.
  • Its large body size.

    • How did Homo Ergaster's communication differ from that of earlier hominins?

  • Homo Ergaster was the first to understand animal behavior.
  • Homo Ergaster used more complex gestures. (correct)
  • Homo Ergaster could speak fluently.
  • Homo Ergaster was the first to use written language.

    • Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Homo erectus?

    <p>They had a shoulder adapted for throwing projectiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason given for the lack of significant technological advances in Homo Ergaster for a million years?

    <p>The environment did not present the need for significant technological advancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Homo ergaster being referred to as "African Homo erectus"?

    <p>Homo erectus evolved in Africa and later migrated to other parts of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "Great Toblin Explosion" mentioned in the text?

    <p>An event that led to conflict between Homo erectus and modern humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a likely consequence of prolonged vitamin A deficiency in Homo erectus?

    <p>Their bones became weak and brittle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason a patriarchal order seeks to control women?

    <p>To ensure a steady population of soldiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do men exploit women's status to suppress them?

    <p>By assuming any woman can be replaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are dictatorships considered obsolete in the current context?

    <p>Mass communication diminishes their effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the autonomous village compared to patriarchal societies?

    <p>Decision-making by a council of both genders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did men feel less valuable in the autonomous village compared to earlier societies?

    <p>They lost their primary role as hunters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which geological period did humans last share a common ancestor with chimpanzees?

    <p>Miocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant development that allowed our ancestors more security and time to think?

    <p>Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average height of male Australopithecus afarensis?

    <p>4 ft 11 in (151 cm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature indicates that Australopithecus afarensis could adapt to different environments?

    <p>Bipedal locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dental evidence indicates about the diet of Australopithecus afarensis?

    <p>Fruit and hard, brittle foods as fallback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is known as 'the handy man' and recognized as one of the earliest members of the genus Homo?

    <p>Homo habilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the retained ape-like features in Homo habilis?

    <p>Long arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the average weight of female Australopithecus afarensis suggest about their physicality?

    <p>Much lighter than males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did gossip play in the survival of early humans?

    <p>It allowed them to understand social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is Mitochondrial Eve estimated to have lived?

    <p>Approximately 200,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in relation to Mitochondrial Eve?

    <p>It is passed down only through the maternal line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a crucial factor in the domestication of dogs?

    <p>Their social hierarchy similarity with humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the migration of humans from Africa?

    <p>The Out of Africa Theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between early humans and Neanderthals?

    <p>They coexisted and shared habitats throughout their existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant advantage did the control of fire provide to early humans?

    <p>Allowed for a greater diversity of food through cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations did Homo heidelbergensis develop for living in colder climates?

    <p>Short, wide bodies to conserve heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary functions dogs served for early humans?

    <p>Herding large groups of herbivores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a possible cause for early nation-states to gain power?

    <p>The use of terror as a means of control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that H. heidelbergensis may have had a form of ritualistic behavior?

    <p>They buried their dead in pits with tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major advancement of H. heidelbergensis in relation to hunting?

    <p>They were the first to routinely hunt large animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the average heights for male and female Homo heidelbergensis?

    <p>Male: 5 ft 9 in, Female: 5 ft 2 in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neanderthals cohabited with modern humans for how long before their extinction?

    <p>29,000 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does recent evidence about Neanderthals indicate about their relationship with modern humans?

    <p>They interbred with modern humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Homo heidelbergensis use to build their shelters?

    <p>Wood and rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Neanderthal DNA may some people of European descent carry?

    <p>1-4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed reason for the extinction of Neanderthals?

    <p>Competition with Homo sapiens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographical factor contributed to increased inbreeding in Neanderthal populations?

    <p>Isolation caused by geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage did gossip provide for Homo sapiens?

    <p>Social bonding and cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event is referred to as the Cognitive Revolution?

    <p>The evolution of complex language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did early modern humans approach their survival around 140,000 years ago?

    <p>Through natural selection of the strongest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Neanderthal physical characteristics is true?

    <p>They had larger nostrils for efficient cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial environment did modern humans cling to for survival about 140,000 years ago?

    <p>Coastal areas of Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Human Ancestors and Civilizations

    • Miocene Period: This was the time period when humans last shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees.
    • Environmental Changes: Monsoons in India and drying conditions in Africa led to changes in forest cover, increasing grasslands.
    • Subcontinent Formation: The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates formed the Himalayas, isolating the subcontinent.
    • Fire's Impact: Fire allowed early humans security, time to think and plan, and reduced anxieties about the future.
    • Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy): A bipedal hominin with ape-like features, adapting to both tree-dwelling and ground-based life. Known for efficient bipedalism, suggesting greater energy conservation and the ability to travel greater distances.
    • Homo habilis: An early human species with larger brain capacity and smaller face/teeth than Australopithecus. Known as the "handy man" due to the use of stone tools, allowing for access to more diverse foods (bone marrow).
    • Paranthropus boisei: A specialized hominin with adaptations for heavy chewing, indicating a diet of tough foods (roots, nuts). The size and shape of the teeth and skull suggest this.
    • Homo ergaster: An early human species characterized by a tall, slender build, longer legs, and adaptations for running and heat regulation (sweating). Important for migration out of Africa. Had the first complete human-like body proportions, able to walk completely upright, used tools proficiently, could cook food, and may have been the first to migrate out of Africa.
    • Homo erectus: A species of early humans characterized by human-like body proportions, including longer legs and shorter arms. Known as the first to migrate from Africa, likely the first to cook food, and possibly the first to master fire.
    • Homo heidelbergensis: An early human species living in colder climates with adaptations for heat conservation. Known for the use of controlled fire and the construction of shelters. Skilled hunters, capable of hunting large animals, and showing evidence of sophisticated tools.
    • Neanderthals: Inhabited Europe and parts of Western Asia. Coexisted with modern humans for a time and displayed large brains, robust build, adaptations for cold climates, and strong evidence of sophisticated cognition. Questions remain about their extinction.
    • Modern Humans: The species is characterized by large brain capacity, complex language, and the use of sophisticated tools. They were successful in migrating into new regions and environments.

    Neolithic Revolution

    • Agricultural Revolution: Humans began to domesticate plants and animals. This shift allowed for more stationary living, which led to population growth and the development of settled communities.
    • Sedentary Living: The development of agriculture led to a shift away from nomadic lifestyles towards settled communities.
    • Population Growth: Agriculture allowed people to produce surplus food, resulting in greater population densities.

    Additional Questions

    • Early Civilizations: How did a single person gain power in early nation-states? How does every nation mirror the first nation? -These questions are about political development in ancient societies, relating to leadership and societal structures.

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    First Humans Review PDF

    Description

    Explore the significant developments in early human evolution and the impact of environmental changes during the Miocene period. Learn about key hominins like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis, their adaptations, and the transformative role of fire. This quiz delves into the formation of human civilizations and their ancestral roots.

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