Early Civilizations Overview

<p>Engagement in long-distance trade and agricultural practices such as growing barley (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8000 BCE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Millet and Rice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In southern Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of a sophisticated writing system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wedge-shaped symbols representing syllables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clay tablets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Writing and record keeping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating complex mathematical equations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polytheistic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ziggurat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unfaithfulness of the populace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other Mesopotamian cultures could adapt it to their own languages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urbanization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rigveda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The introduction of agricultural technology and domestication of animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Military expansion of China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1500 BCE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aryans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narmer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bureaucratic system influenced by ancient Sumer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental degradation and weakened social systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sahara Desert and the Nile River (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple factors likely contributed to its decline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large scale resource exploitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The institution of the pharaoh and distinctive religious practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Egyptian population was much larger than typical Sumerian realms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They sometimes managed business affairs when men were away. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egypt was a single unified state, while Mesopotamia was fragmented (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth only applied to the same social class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elite nobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receiving a dowry from her family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fieldwork and hard labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punishments for commoners were often less severe than for nobility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prisoners of war or persons in debt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They sometimes held managerial positions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided a sense of harmony and cosmic order. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ideals of order, truth, justice, and balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate recordkeeping and commercial transactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers from a reed plant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As symbols representing both sounds and ideas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sacred writings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hieroglyphics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed papyrus rolls to survive for millennia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A belief system or shared goal that motivated residents of early settlements like Jericho and Çatalhöyük to work together, cultivate land, and share resources.

The practice of worshipping and venerating ancestors, often using their skulls as idols, as seen in the ancient settlement of Jericho.

A deity, often depicted as a female figure, potentially worshipped by the inhabitants of Çatalhöyük, as evidenced by small figurines found at the site.

The period in human history, starting around 10,000 BCE, marked by the adoption of agriculture, the development of settlements, and the emergence of organized societies.

A Neolithic settlement located in modern Pakistan, known for long-distance trade, cultivation of barley, and raising goats and sheep.

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, where the Sumerian civilization flourished.

The innovative writing system developed by the ancient Sumerians, one of the earliest known forms of writing.

The language of the ancient Sumerian civilization, which gradually ceased to be spoken early in the second millennium BCE, but whose literary works continued to be preserved and studied.

A writing system using wedge-shaped symbols that evolved into a phonetic script where each symbol represented a syllable.

Clay tablets baked to preserve records of laws, rituals, commercial activities, and literature.

Specialists trained to read and write cuneiform, effectively controlling the flow of information in Sumerian society.

The belief in and worship of multiple gods.

A special god uniquely associated with a Sumerian city.

A stepped tower built of mud-brick with a flat top, used as a temple for a city's patron god.

The belief that gods could be unpredictable and easily angered, potentially bringing harm upon people.

The Sumerians' belief that their gods were central to their society and needed to be pleased.

A system where punishments for harming someone are equivalent to the harm inflicted, based on the principle of "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."

A system of social hierarchy where individuals belonging to different classes are subject to different laws and punishments.

A payment made by the bride's family to the groom's family upon marriage, which serves as a form of financial security and can be reclaimed in case of divorce or mistreatment.

A group of individuals holding a higher social status in ancient Mesopotamia, including priests, scribes, and military leaders.

A social group in ancient Mesopotamia consisting of free individuals engaged in various occupations like farming, crafts, and trade.

A form of labor often used in ancient Mesopotamia, where individuals may have become enslaved for various reasons, including debt, crime, or being prisoners of war.

Women's role in ancient Mesopotamia was multifaceted, including managing businesses, producing textiles, and participating in the economy.

Cuneiform tablets served as a primary source of information, revealing details about various aspects of Mesopotamian society, including trade, family life, and women's roles.

The predictable flooding of the Nile River in ancient Egypt, bringing rich sediment and a sense of order and harmony to the land.

The Egyptian concept of universal order, truth, justice, and balance, embodied by the goddess Ma'at.

The unique writing system developed by the ancient Egyptians, using a combination of alphabetic, syllabic, and word signs, as well as pictures.

A simplified version of hieroglyphics used by Egyptian scribes for daily recordkeeping and commercial transactions.

A writing material made from the fibers of a reed plant found along the Nile, used by Egyptians for scrolls and records.

The process of deciphering ancient hieroglyphics, which allowed historians to understand Egyptian history and culture.

Preserved Egyptian papyrus scrolls containing stories, myths, poetry, and records of daily life, providing valuable insights for modern historians.

Specialists trained to read and write hieroglyphics, responsible for recording and transmitting knowledge in ancient Egypt.

A period of early dynasties in unified Egypt, lasting from about 3150 to 2613 BCE. It was characterized by the establishment of a bureaucratic system, the rise of the pharaoh, and the development of distinctive cultural practices, including religious beliefs and writing system.

The king of unified Egypt, holding absolute power and considered a divine figure.

A system of government with an organized structure of officials and departments to manage the kingdom's affairs.

The most important cultural characteristic of ancient Egypt, the pharaoh was the divine ruler of a unified kingdom, symbolizing the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

The geographic isolation of Egypt, protected by deserts on both east and west, which shielded it from frequent invasions and allowed for stability and cultural development.

Ancient Egypt was protected by vast deserts surrounding the Nile River Valley, making it a kind of island in a sea of sand.

The merging of Upper and Lower Egypt into one powerful state around 3150 BCE, marking a significant milestone in Egyptian history.

Earliest Egyptian civilization developed in two distinct regions: Lower Egypt, situated in the fertile Nile delta, and Upper Egypt, located to the south in the Nile Valley. These two regions eventually came together to form a united Egypt.

The theory that the Indus Valley Civilization was destroyed by nomadic Indo-European tribes called Aryans.

A collection of hymns, rituals, and other religious works that provide insights into early Aryan beliefs and practices.

The practice of raising livestock, particularly cattle and horses, a defining characteristic of the Aryans.

Large-scale environmental degradation due to population growth, urbanization, and resource depletion.

A change in climate patterns that can have a significant impact on a civilization's ability to sustain itself.

The breakdown of social and political systems within a civilization.

The flourishing and complex cultural achievements of a civilization.

The process of studying historical events and occurrences to understand their causes and consequences.