Early Animal Evolution and Geological Time Scale

Synchlora aerata

• The caterpillar of the moth Synchlora aerata blends well with flowers it feeds on
• Its disguise is enhanced by gluing flower petals to its body, transforming itself into its own background

Lepidopteran Insects

• Includes more than 120,000 species
• Lepidopterans go through a juvenile stage where they have a well-developed head and chewing mouthparts
• As adults, they share features like three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings covered with small scales

Key Observations About Life

• Striking ways organisms are suited for life in environments.
• Many shared characteristics(unity)
• Rich diversity of life

Various Beliefs

• Versions of the origin of the world as myths, reached today through teachings of different religions
• The origin of the world and humankind relates to creator gods, or no beginning or end
• The word "human" shares the same root as the Latin word humus, meaning "earth"
• Central African legend links humans to monkeys

Genesis Creation

• World was created by god in 7 days
• First human on day 6 "in the image and likeness" of God and ruled over nature
• Eve emerged from Adam's rib
• Adam & Eve were banished from paradise for eating forbidden fruit, condemned to work and the soil and for woman to suffer during childbirth
• Descendants are from adam and eve

Other creation versions

• In India different versions of the origin of Humankind appeared from 1,000 BC to the 16th century AD in sacred texts, which social classes are strongly differentiated
• One tells of a primal man (Purusha) from which gods originated
• Another states that the first human came from the god Brahma
• Later texts state the first person Brahma created, Manu, was a hermaphrodite that had both male and female children

African Origin

• In Africa, where mankind and Monkeys meet, a creator god Muluku made two holes where first women and man sprouted and were taught agriculture, but they dried the Earth
• Muluku punished them by giving them monkey tails, and removing the tails from monkeys and ordering them to be "human"

Creation

• God gave life to inert matter through breath or touch
• Life is also identified with the breath of the creator
• Egyptian mythology states god Ra's breath transforms into air (Shu)

Evolution

• Scientific progress demanded an explanation of the myth of the origin of the world and of life
• Naturalists and discovery of fossils pointed to importance of time, not in years, but in millennia, allowing species to become what it is
• Genetic mutations occur through the generations and interaction with the environment
• The idea is to change, rather than "improvement" as diversity evolves, and evolutionary lines are tracked through paleontological or genetic studies

Common Design

• Animals that look very different may be built according to the same basic body design Ex. dogs, whales, and human beings are mammals and share an ancestor
• In mammals, the bones of the limbs are the same even if they are morphologically different from one another

Fossil Remains and their Evolution

• Evidence of past life is registered in fossils, preserved between layers of sedimentary rocks
• Analysis of fossils helps determine their age and structure of old communities, reason given species became extinct, and how animals and plants evolved over time.
• Only one fossil is found for every 20,000 extinct species

What is Evolution

• The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings
• The core theme of biology, evolutionary changes seen in fossil records are observable facts
• Theodosius Dobzhansky said "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.”

Evolution: Process vs Pattern

• The process is the mechanisms that produce of change, representing natural causes of natural phenomena's
• its ability to explain and connect a vast array of observations about the living world.
• The pattern is revealed by data from scientific disciplines and are observations about the natural world

Evolutionary Processes: Genetic Theory.

• Theory developed by Charles Darwin is Natural selection but also, mutations, genetic flow (i.e., migration), genetic drift, at the micro evolutionary scale, and genetic variation
• Genetic differences can be passed on, thereby perpetuating the evolutionary process.

Natural Selection and Genetic Makeup

• Basic survival is based on adaptation to the environment. Shedding a trait means that a revolutionary Transformation takes placed when individuals have survival trait have higher than another one.
• Genes of geometric moths with bark lichen and versions of gray and black and able to camouflage selves based on environment. Result of industrial pollution means different camouflage allele.

Mutations

• Modification of the sequences of genetic material found in DNA, that are sometimes imperfect after cell division. Can occur spontaneously from error in DNA or exposure to radiation or substance

Genetic Flow

• The transfer of genes from one population to another, particular when two populations share alleles. Occurs when beetle mix. New alleles results from mixing, with new mixing as a result

Genetic Drift

• Gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population that is not linked to the environment. Not a random which does not generate adaptions.
• Evident in small populations where genetic pool is high especially hen high numbers die from founding effect, from a smaller genetic pool than before (the bottleneck effect).

Inter related Evolution

• Inter relationships in the same levels of existence with each species, changing pressures on each other' evolutionary paths. Natural selection to the present is only a result of relations.

Isolated Evolution

• If the evolution of each species were an isolated event, adaptations that generate co evolution would not exist. React to evolutionary changes of the other species, and that generates coevolution
• In nature, relationships exist from cooperation and even parasitism.

Relationships

• Commensalism- where organisms derives benefits from the interspecific the interaction
• Mutualism- species benefit with a long evolution and adaptation.
• parasistim- relationship that entails parasite live inside host
• Predation- where other hunts over interspecies, each pressure regulates

Competition from Limited Resources

• That impact’s natural with two or types: one with interference where resource are limed, other where species exclude each other.

Origin of New Species

• Species arise when population is cut off. isolated groups experience different from population that was the origin of
• Through generations, mutations rise to completely different phenotypic changes from experienced from population. Thus, traits develop so distinct that are how one can understand the emergence of diversity

The process

• Individuals of same breeds but among of species in same time period are is much less frequent nature can arise from geographical isolation with lack genetics.
• Disruptive: populations are separate and are differentional
• Directioning: dominant changes in population
• Stabilizing: Variations in diminish and its

Canine Examples

• Dog can breed into one species
• Selective breeding example helps differentiatipn.
• Siberian Husky: Traits closer to original canus lupus
• German: Sheep herders

Classifying the Diversity of Life

• Diversity is in all the living things around the world on earth.
• Biologists named 1.8 million species with the at least 100.00 of fungi 290000 plants,000 more than half form multi cellular Organisms: thousands identified estimates is 10 million different species

Unity in Diversity

• life that also shows unity, same skeletons, universal language of genetic among the all related all living
• life cell, of cell

Unity and Diversirty among birds

• Example of three birds show that the Similaries are beak and planed by this body. They have to have different features to adapt to diverse of life styles.

Earth's History

• Geologists JAMES HUTTON and CHARLES LYELL proposed the Earth was old and the processes operating on Earth now are the same as in the past.
• Hutton said rocks form from lava or sediments.
• Forces within Earth can push rocks upward, tilting or twisting them.
• Lyell published "Principles of Geology" in 1830.

Hutton and Geological Change

• Recognized connections between geological processes, such as mountains and bent rock layers.
• Certain rocks are formed from lava, others from sediments squeezed into layers.
• Forces beneath Earth can push rock layers upward and rain, wind, etc. can slowly wear down mountains.
• Earth must be much older than a few thousand years.

Deep Time

• Planet's history stretches back so far, it’s hard to imagine.

Lyell's Geology Principles

• Laws of nature are constant over time, must explain must scientist the past with to process.
• Thinking”UNIFORMITARIANISM" is geological processes.
• The Earth millions of years ago, to this date.

Geological Time Scale

• Geological time scale is a crowning achievement of science.
• Provides communication for rocks and Periodic fossils
• Scale Boundaries on time of scale connect to fossils to extinct of groups useful.
• Relative of Third dating.
• Faunal are timescale correlations and rock layers almost distribution in fossil time.

Eon

• Oldest category characterized four longest and is the Phanerozoic ,
• Phanerozoic = of Cambrian defines for youngest and for Super position (time and principle of also and represent Earth, it is)
• Eon is today

Eras

• Eons are long units. Divided are oldest, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, as Paleozoic and knowledge of record.
• Paleozoic (“old life") was origin of amphibians vertebrates/
• Mesozoic (“middle life") was noteworthy and is "age known."
• Called Era is era, we "new Cenozoic is" and what to in mammals called today today.

Period

• Era’s, Geological to period units, to periods of Time. And eras are. Is Time Mesozoic Jurassic.

• Paleozoic, from and Permian, and divided from oldest are: 6 Cambrian/Devonian or Silurian.

Epoch

• Subdivided periods and of time with Time Epoch.
• From youngest to youngest Paleocene, and Paleogene Time is Time is Divided.

Evolution Timeline, part 1

• Holocene is what we are in because of the impact has on the environment, of note earth that
• Geological and the what is the has is (also the what the today is).

Evolution Timeline, part 2

• Large extinct Large of Mammel.
• Spread eco systems, as
• Extinct time/Placental mammals

Evolution Throught Time

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The time lines

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Time Period Evolution-1

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Time Period Evolution-2

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A Changing Evolution

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A Curioses Evolutions fossils

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Time Period Evolution-3

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The Cambrian Explosion

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The End Permian

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Questions about the early animal evolution, focusing on the Ediacaran period, sponges, and the rise of oxygen. It also covers the geological time scale, key eons, and eras, including the Paleozoic.