Early American History

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Questions and Answers

What primary expectation drove the first people who migrated to America?

  • To escape religious persecution and establish new societies.
  • To discover new lands for settlement and resource extraction.
  • To find spices and enhance their hunting capabilities. (correct)
  • To establish trade routes with existing civilizations in the West.

What environmental phenomenon facilitated the initial migration of people to America?

  • The development of advanced seafaring technology in Asia.
  • A period of intense volcanic activity that created new islands.
  • A shift in ocean currents that made transoceanic travel easier.
  • An ice age that lowered sea levels and exposed a land bridge. (correct)

What transformative development approximately 9,000 years ago significantly altered the lifestyle of Paleo-Indians?

  • The domestication of horses for transportation and warfare.
  • The development of pottery for storing food and water.
  • The invention of the wheel, facilitating trade and construction.
  • The introduction of agriculture, leading to settled communities. (correct)

Which of the following was a significant consequence of the adoption of agriculture by Native Americans?

<p>The establishment of permanent settlements and the rise of cities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a distinctive characteristic of the Iroquois society?

<p>Women holding significant authority within the community. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of the widespread mortality among Native Americans following European contact?

<p>The lack of immunity to diseases carried by Europeans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish conquest of the Southeast differ from their conquest of Mexico?

<p>There was no readily available gold to exploit in the Southeast. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the relationship between the Iroquois and the Dutch in colonial North America?

<p>The Iroquois used Dutch weapons to wage war against the Huron, who were allied with the French. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico impact the Plains Indians?

<p>The release of Spanish horses after the Pueblo Revolt greatly benefited the Plains Indians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by French Louisiana?

<p>A shortage of labor for resource extraction and agriculture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were England's early American colonies typically financed and organized?

<p>Through entrepreneurs pooling resources in joint-stock companies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery revitalized the Jamestown settlement after its initial struggles?

<p>The cultivation of a profitable strain of tobacco. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) establish the colony of Maryland?

<p>As a haven for Roman Catholics facing persecution in England. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who provided the primary labor force on tobacco plantations in early Virginia and Maryland?

<p>English indentured servants who worked for a set period of time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key demographic difference between Massachusetts and Virginia in the 1600s?

<p>Massachusetts had a more balanced ratio of men to women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for Roger Williams' expulsion from Massachusetts?

<p>His belief in the separation of church and state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theological argument did Anne Hutchinson advocate that challenged established religious authority in Massachusetts?

<p>Salvation did not depend on ministers, churches, or worship services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Half-Way Covenant (1662) declare?

<p>Persons who were not convinced they were saints could join the church if their parents were members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the importance of religion in daily life change in Massachusetts between 1630 and 1690?

<p>The importance of religion in daily life declined as economic interests grew. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Salem witch trials, who typically accused whom of witchcraft?

<p>Members of many farming communities accused people living in towns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European power controlled New York before it came under English control?

<p>Holland (Netherlands) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a core belief of the Quakers?

<p>All people should be treated equally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary economic basis of South Carolina by the 1720s?

<p>Rice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the New England economy in the 1700s?

<p>A diversified economy based on trade and manufacturing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the emergence of the "Yankee" archetype refer to?

<p>The shift from the Puritan culture to a more secular culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Stono Rebellion of 1739?

<p>It resulted in stricter slave codes and increased oppression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Middle Colonies of New York and Pennsylvania differ from the Southern colonies?

<p>They possessed a more dynamic and diverse urban life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of employment was most likely for a woman living in a city during the colonial era?

<p>Domestic servant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe?

<p>Humans are capable of self-improvement through reason and knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the relationship between church and state in the mid-eighteenth century colonies?

<p>Most colonies had established churches supported by taxes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did ministers of the Great Awakening emphasize in their appeals?

<p>Emotional personal experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To what did Jonathan Edwards compare mortals in his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"?

<p>Spiders dangling by a thread over a deadly fire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure did Prime Minister George Grenville institute in 1763 to establish separation between white settlers and Native Americans?

<p>He issued a proclamation banning settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the British begin taxing the American colonies?

<p>The American economy was depressed following losses from the departure of the British army (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First Americans' Expectations

They expected to find spices and improve their hunting skills.

How did the first people get to America?

An ice age caused enough water to be held in glaciers, exposing a land bridge.

Greatest Change for Paleo-Indians

The introduction of agriculture.

Result of Agricultural Development

Cities

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Defining Characteristic of the Iroquois

Women possessed considerable authority.

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Why So Many Native American Deaths?

Native Americans had no immunity to European diseases.

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Difference Between Spanish Conquest of Southeast and Mexico

There was no gold in the Southwest for the Spanish to find.

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Iroquois Relations with the Dutch

The Iroquois used Dutch weapons to attack the Hurons, who were allied with the French.

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Pueblo Revolt's Impact

Thousands of Spanish horses were released, which helped them adapt a new way of life.

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French Louisiana Suffered From

A shortage of labor.

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How England Financed Colonies

Entrepreneurs pooled their resources in joint stock companies.

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What saved Jamestown?

Discovery that a strain of tobacco could grow there.

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Maryland Founded As a Haven For

Roman Catholics

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Who worked tobacco plantations?

English indentured servants.

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Massachusetts vs. Virginia in the 1600s

There was roughly the same number of men and women.

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Why Roger Williams was Expelled

He urged separation of church and state.

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Anne Hutchinson Believed

Claimed salvation did not depend on any church minister or worship service.

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The Halfway Covenant (1662) Declared

Persons who were not convinced they were saints could join the church if parents were members.

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Difference in Massachusetts (1630 vs 1690)

The importance of religion in daily life declined.

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Salem Witch Trials Accusations

Members of many farming communities accused people living in towns.

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Who Controlled New York Before England?

Holland (Netherlands or Dutch lands)

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Quaker Beliefs

All people should be treated equally.

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South Carolina's Economy by the 1720s

Rice

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New England Economy in the 1700s

It was based on carrying goods made in other regions.

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Emergence of the Yankee

Shift from Puritan culture of the village to a secular culture.

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The Stono Rebellion of 1739

Was an unsuccessful revolt of slaves in South Carolina.

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Middle Colonies Set Apart By

Dynamic urban life.

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Jobs for Colonial Women

Domestic servant.

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Enlightenment Thinkers Believed

Humans are capable of self-improvement.

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Church and State Mid-18th Century

Most colonies had established churches that were supported by taxes.

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Great Awakening Ministers Appeals

Emotion.

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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Compared mortals to spiders, dangling by a thread over a deadly fire.

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Prime Minister George Grenville in 1763

Issued a proclamation banning settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

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American Economy When British Taxed

Depressed because the withdrawal of the British army meant a loss of customers.

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Study Notes

  • The first people in America sought spices and improved hunting.
  • A land bridge exposed by glaciers during the Ice Age enabled the first people to reach America.
  • The introduction of agriculture around 9000 years ago greatly changed the lives of Paleo-Indians.
  • Agriculture led to the development of cities among Native Americans.
  • One key characteristic of the Iroquois was the considerable authority held by women.
  • Many Native Americans died due to their lack of immunity to European diseases.
  • Unlike in Mexico, the Spanish found no gold in the Southeast.
  • The Iroquois used Dutch weapons to attack the Huron, who were allied with the French.
  • The Pueblo Revolt led to the release of thousands of Spanish horses, benefiting the Plains Indians.
  • French Louisiana suffered from a shortage of labor.
  • Joint stock companies financed England's early colonial ventures.
  • Tobacco saved the Jamestown settlement by 1610.
  • George Calvert founded Maryland as a haven for Roman Catholics.
  • English indentured servants provided the labor for tobacco plantations in early Virginia and Maryland.
  • Massachusetts in the 1600s was distinguished from Virginia by having roughly equal numbers of men and women.
  • Roger Williams was expelled from Massachusetts for advocating separation of church and state.
  • Anne Hutchinson claimed salvation did not depend on church ministers or services.
  • The Halfway Covenant (1662) allowed those not convinced of their saintliness to join the church if their parents were members.
  • The importance of religion declined in Massachusetts between 1630 and 1690.
  • During the Salem witch trials, people from farming communities accused those in towns.
  • Before England, New York was controlled by Holland.
  • Quakers advocated for the equal treatment of all people.
  • South Carolina's economy by the 1720s was based on rice.
  • The New England economy in the 1700s was based on carrying goods made in other regions.
  • The "Yankee" emergence refers to the shift from Puritan culture to a secular one.
  • The Stono Rebellion of 1739 was an unsuccessful slave revolt in South Carolina.
  • The Middle Colonies of New York and Pennsylvania were characterized by their dynamic urban life, distinguishing them from the South.
  • Women in colonial cities most likely found work as domestic servants.
  • Enlightenment thinkers believed in the capacity for human self-improvement.
  • In the mid-18th century, most colonies had established state-supported churches.
  • Great Awakening ministers emphasized emotion in their appeals.
  • Jonathan Edwards's sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" compared mortals to spiders dangling over a deadly fire.
  • In 1763, Prime Minister George Grenville banned settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to separate settlers and Native Americans.
  • British efforts to tax Americans came during an economic downturn due to the withdrawal of the British army.
  • The Stamp Act of 1765 faced high protest levels because it was the first direct tax imposed by the British government.
  • The Sons of Liberty was formed by artisans and shopkeepers in Boston.
  • Most stamp commissioners resigned due to violent resistance from Americans.
  • The Townshend Acts established another series of direct taxes on Americans.
  • John Dickinson argued that only elected representatives could impose taxes.
  • After the Boston Tea Party, the British closed the port of Boston.
  • Americans outside Massachusetts sent food and supplies in response to the punishment of the colony.
  • Thomas Paine's Common Sense was written in the language of ordinary people.
  • Patriots received aid from foreign powers, which was a key advantage.
  • During the 1776 battles around New York City, George Washington's troops repeatedly retreated.
  • The Battle of Saratoga (1777) convinced the French to support the American cause.
  • Congress printed paper money at a great rate to handle its lack of funds, leading to inflation.
  • The fighting in the South from 1779-1781 was a civil war between Loyalists and Patriots.
  • Virginia passed laws separating church and state after the American Revolutionary War.
  • Northern states moved towards ending slavery, but Southern states felt slavery was necessary for their economies.
  • The writers of the United States Constitution were mostly lawyers, merchants, and planters.
  • Connecticut's "Great Compromise" created a Congress with proportional representation in the lower house and equal representation in the upper house.
  • The Three-Fifths Compromise determined how slaves would be counted for representation purposes.
  • The electoral college was created because many delegates distrusted the public's ability to choose a president.
  • The election of 1800 resulted in a tie in the electoral vote between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803) established judicial review.
  • Jefferson favored an economy of land-owning farmers, while Federalists favored commerce.
  • Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton due to Hamilton's criticism impacting Burr's political career.
  • Eli Whitney's cotton gin caused cotton production to spread rapidly.
  • Republicans raised prices on foreign goods through tariffs to promote American industry after the War of 1812.
  • The Missouri Compromise banned slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30' latitude line.
  • Between 1800 and 1830, more states eliminated property qualifications for voting.
  • Andrew Jackson asked Congress for the authority to invade South Carolina in response to its attempt to nullify the Tariff of 1837.
  • Improved transportation supported economic growth during the 1830s.
  • The B&O (Baltimore and Ohio) Railroad was the first to receive a state charter.
  • New immigrants were culturally set apart due to religious and ethnic differences.
  • At the height of the slave trade, a healthy male field hand in his mid-20s cost around $1800.
  • Slave codes gave slave owners near total control over their slaves.
  • About two-thirds of Southern white families owned no slaves.
  • Typical slave owners owned fewer than 10 slaves.
  • New York built the Erie Canal.
  • Nat Turner led a bloody slave rebellion.
  • William Lloyd Garrison advocated for immediate, uncompensated emancipation of slaves.
  • The Shakers banned sex in their communities.
  • Mormons believed Native Americans were descended from groups mentioned in the Bible.
  • Stephen F. Austin settled 300 American families in Texas with permission from Spanish authorities.
  • Mormons settled in Utah to escape persecution and violence.
  • The Texas Revolution ended with a decisive Texan victory, Santa Anna was captured and granted Texas its independence.
  • James K. Polk advocated for taking Texas and Oregon when elected president in 1844.
  • Henry David Thoreau opposed the Mexican War because he viewed it as a means to expand slavery.
  • The women's rights movement grew out of the abolitionist movement.
  • Henry Clay's 1850 compromise included a bill requiring the federal government to track down fugitive slaves to gain southern support.
  • The federal government provided land to railroad developers to fund development.
  • Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper increased harvesting capacity.
  • Representative Preston Brooks assaulted Senator Charles Sumner for insulting his uncle.
  • John Brown attacked the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry to arm slaves for a rebellion.
  • Abraham Lincoln received 40% of the popular vote in the 1860 election.
  • Jefferson Davis believed secession was justified to protect the South's internal affairs from the North's growing power.
  • Before his inauguration, Abraham Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery.
  • The Union had superior manufacturing resources at the start of the war.
  • Supplying troops with weapons and ammunition was the Confederacy's greatest early challenge.
  • Union General George B. McClellan was indecisive and self-promoting.
  • The Union war effort in 1862 was marked by changes in generals and a lack of progress.
  • The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in areas not under Union control.
  • Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men during the Battle of Chancellorsville.
  • Robert E. Lee ordered a disastrous charge at Gettysburg.
  • Both William T. Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant were willing to wage total war on the Confederate civilian population.
  • Ulysses S. Grant's strategy in 1864 was to wage a war of attrition, inflicting heavy casualties on both sides.

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