Early 20th Century Genetics Quiz
41 Questions
16 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What hypothesis did early 20th-century scientists initially support regarding the determination of biological sex?

  • Genetics does not influence sexual differentiation.
  • Sex is determined solely by chromosomal makeup.
  • External factors like temperature and nutrition play a role. (correct)
  • Sex is determined through a random mutation process.

    • What specific discovery did Nettie Stevens make about chromosomes and sex determination?

  • Females have a mix of X and Y chromosomes.
  • Sex differentiation occurs only at the embryonic stage.
  • Males produce both X and Y chromosomes. (correct)
  • Only males inherit two Y chromosomes.

    • At which academic institution did Nettie Stevens receive her doctorate?

  • Bryn Mawr College (correct)
  • Harvard University
  • Stanford University
  • Johns Hopkins University

    • What was the significance of Stevens's work with mealworms?

    <p>It linked physical characteristics to chromosomal behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was Nettie Stevens's work perceived during her lifetime?

    <p>It was largely overlooked and overshadowed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Nettie Stevens publish her findings on sex determination?

    <p>1905 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prominent geneticist supervised Nettie Stevens during her doctorate studies?

    <p>Thomas Hunt Morgan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant geological feature did the discovery in 1953 identify in the Atlantic?

    <p>A 9,941-mile ridge with a deep rift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of George Washington Carver’s significant contributions to the agricultural industry?

    <p>Creating over 400 marketable products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did the findings related to chaos behavior become foundational for?

    <p>Chaos theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Pavlov awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for?

    <p>His work on classical conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Thomas Hunt Morgan play in the field of genetics?

    <p>He confirmed the role of chromosomes in heredity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did J.J. Thomson identify that later came to be known as electrons?

    <p>Corpuscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did George Washington Carver receive the Spingarn Medal?

    <p>1923 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of farming methods did Carver teach at Tuskegee Institute?

    <p>Sustainable farming methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist's work informed Einstein's theories, particularly regarding electromagnetism?

    <p>J.J. Thomson (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Thomas Hunt Morgan pursue his postgraduate studies?

    <p>Johns Hopkins University (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age did Thomas Hunt Morgan gain his PhD in zoology?

    <p>24 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated Thomas Hunt Morgan's fascination with the natural world?

    <p>Collecting fossils and fieldwork (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carver do in front of the US House of Representatives in 1921?

    <p>Spoke on behalf of peanut farmers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of Carver’s teaching at Tuskegee Institute?

    <p>Empowerment of ex-slaves through self-sufficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait was specifically linked to the male line in the second generation of cross-bred flies?

    <p>White eyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did Morgan reach about sex-linked traits through his experiments with fruit flies?

    <p>Sex-linked traits must be inherited together from a specific chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosomes are present in female fruit flies?

    <p>X and X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant advancement in genetics did Morgan's work contribute to?

    <p>Establishing chromosomal theory of inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Mendel's work did Morgan recognize as valuable?

    <p>His methods of plant breeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marie Curie's research primarily focused on which scientific field?

    <p>Radioactivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Morgan's work differ from Mendel's, particularly in focus?

    <p>Morgan extended Mendel's work to animals instead of only plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Morgan's contributions to the field of genetics?

    <p>He marked a turning point in the study of inheritance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major finding related to male flies observed by Morgan?

    <p>Certain traits like white eyes are only found in males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Morgan's experiments with fruit flies ultimately lead to in genetics?

    <p>An understanding of how sex is genetically determined. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental relationship does Einstein's equation E = mc² express?

    <p>Energy equals mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon does Einstein's theory of relativity predict concerning time in gravitational fields?

    <p>Time slows down in intense gravitational fields. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was Einstein's theory tested in 1919?

    <p>By observing star positions during a total solar eclipse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the mass-energy equivalence for atomic nuclei?

    <p>Breaking apart nuclei releases energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant outcomes of Einstein's general theory of relativity during its introduction?

    <p>Describing how light bends around massive objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Einstein extend the concepts of special relativity?

    <p>By proposing that gravity can alter motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence arises from the large value of $c^2$ in the equation E = mc²?

    <p>Small amounts of mass can yield large amounts of energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of light behavior was revolutionary according to Einstein's predictions?

    <p>Its trajectory is affected by gravitational fields. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bend in light observed during a solar eclipse contradicted Newton's theory of gravity?

    <p>Stars appeared in different positions than expected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the concept of mass play in the context of nuclear power as described by Einstein?

    <p>A reduction in mass results in energy release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Quantum Theory

    A theory in physics that describes the energy of light as being quantized, meaning that energy can only exist in discrete units called quanta.

    Sex Determination

    The process by which an organism's sex is determined, often by specific chromosomes.

    Sex Chromosome

    A specific type of chromosome that determines the sex of an organism.

    Nettie Stevens

    A scientist who made a groundbreaking discovery about sex determination in animals.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    X and Y Chromosomes

    The chromosomes found in male reproductive cells, including an X and a Y chromosome.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    X Chromosome

    A specific type of chromosome found in female reproductive cells, denoted as X.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Genetics

    The scientific study of genes and heredity, which was revolutionized by Nettie Stevens's groundbreaking work.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Carver's Role at Tuskegee Institute

    George Washington Carver, a prominent scientist, dedicated 47 years to leading the Agriculture Department at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Carver's Contributions to Agriculture

    Carver's research resulted in over 400 marketable products from peanuts, such as oils and dyes, significantly boosting the South's agricultural economy and its contribution to the US agricultural industry.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Carver's Advocacy for Peanut Farmers

    Carver's speech addressing the US House of Representatives in 1921 advocating for peanut farmers earned him a standing ovation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Carver's Quote on Education

    Carver's profound belief in education's transformative power is captured in his famous quote: "Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom."

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Thomas Hunt Morgan's Achievement

    Thomas Hunt Morgan, an American geneticist and zoologist, won a Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking research on heredity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Morgan's Contribution to Genetics

    Morgan's research built upon Gregor Mendel's work, confirming the role of chromosomes in inheritance.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Morgan's Impact on Modern Genetics

    Morgan's research laid the foundation for the modern field of genetics, marking a significant advancement in our understanding of inheritance.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Morgan's Early Interest in Nature

    Morgan's early life was marked by a passion for the natural world, evident in his childhood fossil collecting and later biological fieldwork.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Morgan's Education and Research

    Morgan pursued his scientific interests by studying sciences at the University of Kentucky before attending Johns Hopkins University for postgraduate work in morphology and physiology.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Sex-linked traits

    Morgan's experiments with fruit flies revealed that certain traits, like white eyes, were linked to the sex of the fly, indicating that they were located on the sex chromosomes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Genetic mapping

    The process of determining the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Chromosomal theory of inheritance

    The theory that genes are located on chromosomes and that these chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gene linkage

    The observation that genes located close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Sex-linked mutation

    A type of mutation that affects the expression of a gene, resulting in a change in a physical trait.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Confirmation of Mendel's work

    Morgan's research on fruit flies validated Mendel's work on inheritance, confirming the accuracy of Mendel's theories and extending their application to animals.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Marie Curie's contributions

    Marie Curie was a pioneering scientist whose research on radioactivity revolutionized our understanding of matter and energy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Radioactivity

    The study of the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. Curie's research in this field earned her two Nobel Prizes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    E=mc²

    Einstein's famous equation that reveals the relationship between energy (E) and mass (m). It states that energy is equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    General Relativity

    Einstein's theory that explains gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by massive objects, affecting the motion of light and matter.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gravitational Lensing

    The bending of light as it passes close to a massive object, like the Sun, due to the curvature of spacetime.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Special Relativity

    Einstein's idea that the speed of light is constant for all observers, regardless of their own speed.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Time Dilation

    The phenomenon where time slows down in intense gravitational fields near massive objects.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Mass-Energy Equivalence

    The concept that mass and energy are equivalent and can be converted into one another.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Starlight Deflection

    The observation that stars appear to be shifted from their actual positions during a solar eclipse, due to their light bending around the Sun.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nuclear Fission

    The process where the nuclei of atoms are broken apart, releasing immense amounts of energy, which is used in nuclear power plants.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Spacetime Curvature

    The theory that gravity is not just a force but a curvature of spacetime created by massive objects.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Principle of Relativity

    The concept that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Scientists Who Changed History

    • The book comprehensively covers significant scientists and their contributions to various fields.
    • It focuses on scientists whose work profoundly impacted the world, particularly focusing on the period 1895-1925.
    • This particular timeframe highlights several paradigm shifts in scientific understanding and methodology.

    Santiago Ramón y Cajal

    • Santiago Ramón y Cajal was a rebellious child with a passion for drawing
    • His father was a doctor who encouraged him to pursue medicine, which eventually led him to neuroscience.
    • He modified Golgi's staining technique to study the nervous system, specifically the microscopic anatomy in 1887.
    • In 1888, he showed that nerve cells are not connected in a continuous web but are separate units.
    • He published the first volume of his seminal book on the structure of the nervous system in 1899.
    • He and Golgi jointly won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for their research on the structure of the nervous system.
    • Cajal's artwork was extremely detailed in illustrations of the human brain and nervous system

    Max Planck

    • Planck's work on heat and radiation led to the concept of quanta or packets of energy.
    • It refuted the ideas of continuous energy emission in classical physics.
    • He presented his quantum theory of light as discrete energy packets to the German Physical Society in 1900.
    • His research on radiation led to his receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919.
    • This work profoundly altered the paradigm of the subatomic world, paving the way for modern physics.

    Nettie Stevens

    • Nettie Stevens, a US biologist, made a major discovery about sex determination and chromosomes.
    • She found that sex is determined by particular chromosomes (X and Y) in 1905.
    • She showed a link between a physical characteristic and a specific chromosome, connecting physics and biology.
    • Stevens's work provided a vital breakthrough in early genetics.
    • Her contributions were not widely recognized until after her death in 1912

    George Washington Carver

    • George Washington Carver was an African American agricultural scientist known for his groundbreaking techniques for soil improvement and crop cultivation.
    • He developed commercially viable products from crops like peanuts (287 products from peanuts, and 118 from sweet potatoes).
    • Carver was a significant figure in agricultural science in the South, helping the local economy recover post-Civil War.
    • Instrumental in educating farmers about crop diversification.

    Thomas Hunt Morgan

    • Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered the role of chromosomes in heredity in 1904.
    • His research used fruit flies because of their rapid reproduction, showing patterns of inheritance.
    • He confirmed that traits are inherited linked to chromosomes, similar to Mendel's work on plants.
    • Morgan's meticulous experimental work established a foundation for modern genetics.

    Marie Curie

    • Marie Curie (née Skłodowska) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist.
    • Her pioneering research on radioactivity was groundbreaking, discovering two new radioactive elements -polonium (named after her native Poland) and radium, in 1898.
    • Her work revolutionized chemistry and led to applications including radiotherapy.
    • She notably won two Nobel Prizes: the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her pioneering work with radioactivity.

    Ernest Rutherford

    • Through experiments and observation, Ernest Rutherford concluded that atoms have a positively charged nucleus at the center, with electrons surrounding it.
    • Discovered alpha and beta radiations from uranium and other radioactive elements, establishing different types of radiation.
    • His findings revolutionized our comprehension of atomic structure, leading to groundbreaking developments.

    António Egas Moniz

    • A Portuguese neurologist, António Egas Moniz devised the controversial surgical procedure frontal lobotomy for treating psychiatric illnesses.
    • His early 1930s invention revolutionized psychiatric treatment (however these procedures proved ineffective and had serious side effects).
    • Invented angiograms – an X-ray diagnostic method for blood vessels.

    Lise Meitner

    • Lise Meitner was a brilliant theoretical nuclear physicist.
    • She and her nephew Otto Frisch coined the term "nuclear fission" in 1938.
    • The discovery was crucial in explaining the splitting of uranium atoms.
    • Meitner's work, despite important collaboration, was not widely recognized for decades.

    Albert Einstein

    • Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist.
    • Known for his work on relativity: general and special theories of relativity- dramatically changing how we understand space, time, and gravity.
    • His work paved the way for numerous scientific advancements, including nuclear energy and solar power.

    Alfred Wegener

    • A German meteorologist and polar explorer, Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift.
    • Wegener's work detailed fossil and geological evidence that suggested continents had once been joined.
    • Wegener's ideas were revolutionary but faced skepticism at the time of publication.

    Jane Goodall

    • Jane Goodall was a British primatologist known for her extensive research on chimpanzees.
    • Her fifty-five years of study in Gombe National Park led to important insights into chimpanzee behavior.
    • Goodall's observations broadened society’s awareness of the intelligence and social complexity of chimpanzees.

    Valentina Tereshkova

    • A Soviet cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman to travel in space.
    • Her first solo space mission was in 1963.

    Patricia Bath

    • American ophthalmologist Patricia Bath developed the Laserphaco Probe to treat cataracts and other eye conditions.
    • Her critical contributions in improved surgical procedures and techniques for eye conditions significantly improved patient outcomes.

    Stephen Hawking

    • Stephen Hawking was a famous British theoretical physicist.
    • His work on black holes, space-time, and the expanding universe revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos.
    • Suffering from ALS, he revolutionized our insight into cosmology and the laws of physics (and also helped make physics into a popular field).

    James Till

    • James Till was a Canadian physicist whose collaboration with Ernest McCulloch on radiation treatment led to vital breakthroughs in stem-cell research.
    • His and McCulloch's shared research on stem cell research led to a better understanding of their role in creating and renewing vital blood components. This work provided critical advancements in the treatment of various leukemias.

    Tu Youyou

    • Tu Youyou was a Chinese pharmacologist.
    • She discovered artemisinin in 1971, a crucial new antimalaria treatment, for which she received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.
    • Tu’s breakthrough was based on traditional Chinese medicine and her meticulous research.

    Tim Berners-Lee

    • Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.
    • He created the foundational standards (HTML, HTTP) that allow for online communication and access to data.
    • His creation has had profound societal and economic impacts world-wide.

    Henry Stommel

    • Henry Stommel studied oceanography, specifically focusing on ocean currents.
    • His pioneering work on the Gulf Stream and ocean circulation profoundly impacted marine science.
    • He refined the understanding of thermohaline circulation patterns, helping us comprehend larger ocean systems globally.

    Yang Chen-Ning

    • Yang Chen-Ning was a renowned Chinese physicist who made groundbreaking discoveries in particle physics.
    • He worked extensively on the transformation of subatomic particles using conservation of parity and symmetry - paving the way for modern physics.
    • His contributions in subatomic physics, jointly with Tsung Dao Lee, earned them the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics.

    Benoît Mandelbrot

    • Benoît Mandelbrot was a Polish-born French mathematician.
    • He developed the mathematical concepts of fractal geometry, a field crucial for understanding complex phenomena and patterns in nature.
    • His methods are used widely today in image processing, weather patterns, and finance.

    Richard Feynman

    • Richard Feynman was a brilliant American theoretical physicist.
    • Feynman is known for his revolutionary work in physics, particularly in quantum electrodynamics (QED), including the well-known Feynman diagrams.
    • He made profound contributions to several areas of physics and made seemingly complex concepts easier to understand.

    Other Notables

    • The book includes other significant scientists in various fields; these individuals were crucial in their domains, and details of their work are included to reflect their contributions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Scientists Who Changed History PDF by DK Publishing

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pivotal discoveries in early 20th-century genetics. Explore the contributions of Nettie Stevens, George Washington Carver, and Thomas Hunt Morgan to the field of biology and genetics. This quiz covers landmark findings, theories, and the historical context of their work.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser