E. coli Infection Progression Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most significant characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  • Extracellular location
  • Ability to survive for millions of years (correct)
  • Variability in intracellular structures
  • Presence of a nucleus

    • Why have prokaryotes been so successful on Earth?

  • They have the most populated taxonomic domains
  • They have remarkable cell structures called endospores
  • They have the ability to paralyze or kill vegetables
  • They can thrive in pretty much every type of environment (correct)

    • What is the main focus of the study 'Mastering Microbiology'?

  • The basic structural features of prokaryotic cells
  • Bacterial diseases prevention and treatment (correct)
  • The variability in intracellular structures
  • The microbial life on Earth

    • Why is understanding prokaryotic cells important?

    <p>To prevent and treat bacterial diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has allowed prokaryotic cells to thrive in various environments?

    <p>Remarkable cell structures called endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers grow in salt crystals for 250 million years?

    <p>Bacteria that had been trapped for billions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two separate domains that prokaryotic cells are classified into?

    <p>Archaea and Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of life do eukaryotic cells make up?

    <p>Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Unicellular lacking a membrane-bound nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature do prokaryotic cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism does the book primarily focus on when discussing prokaryotes?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria based on genetic studies?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>Pleomorphic, able to take on different forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range in size for prokaryotes, in micrometers?

    <p>$0.5$ to $2.0$ μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables larger bacteria like Thiomargarita namibiensis to thrive despite less efficient diffusion for nutrient uptake?

    <p>Larger surface area-to-volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand prokaryotic shapes and arrangements from a clinical perspective?

    <p>It's a criterion for clinical microbiologists to identify certain pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes gastric and duodenal ulcers and is able to take on different forms?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main platform for interacting with the environment in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure of prokaryotic cells lies just outside of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Glycocalyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the septum formation during binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>To separate daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of periplasmic flagella in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Cell motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor greatly affects the frequency of binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Nutrient availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spherical morphology exhibited by E. coli during a stage of infection known as?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycocalyx structures in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Protection and adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for metabolic reactions and ATP production in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fimbriae in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Attachment to surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do periplasmic flagella play in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Enabling cell motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>The thickness of peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the cell wall of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane, while Gram-positive bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is enriched in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>It contains a lipid portion that is poisonous to animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Gram-positive bacteria appear purple in the Gram staining procedure?

    <p>The thick peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main reason for the hardiness of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>The presence of a thick outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of porins in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Allowing substances such as amino acids and nutrients to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) primarily used for?

    <p>Destroying competing microbes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes human-derived AMP drugs selective in attacking bacterial cells without damaging our own cells?

    <p>Their selective toxicity towards bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it rare for bacteria to develop resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?

    <p>They have been used across life forms since the dawn of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential advantage of developing man-made AMPs based on natural AMPs?

    <p>Improving the spectrum of activity against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers hope continued work in the area of man-made AMPs will achieve?

    <p>Lessen side effects, expand activity against pathogens, and prolong drug effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>To separate the cell from its surroundings and control the passage of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warmer temperatures affect membrane fluidity?

    <p>Increase membrane rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between bacterial and archaeal plasma membranes?

    <p>Bacterial membranes are strictly bilayers, while archaeal membranes can be monolayers or bilayers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core component of bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical utility of knowing a bacterium’s Gram and acid-fast properties?

    <p>To guide antibiotic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of environment do archaea with unique membrane adaptations thrive?

    <p>High-temperature environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drugs from the penicillin family target in bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for storage bodies within a cell that house nutrients and reduce the active intracellular volume?

    <p>Intracellular inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for cells with a rod or cylindrical shape?

    <p>Bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for spherical cells?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of stomach ulcers?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion do spirochetes exhibit due to a specialized periplasmic flagellum?

    <p>Corkscrew-rotary motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do most prokaryotic cells primarily use for reproduction?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus includes a variety of rod-shaped bacteria?

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Streptococci" refers to a grouping of cells in which shape?

    <p>&quot;Longer chains&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Diplobacilli" refers to a grouping of cells in which shape?

    <p>&quot;Pairs of cells&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Staph arrangement" refers to a grouping of cells produced by which type of bacteria?

    <p>&quot;Cocci&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has allowed prokaryotic cells to thrive in various environments?

    <p>Their capacity to form endospores for survival in harsh conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand prokaryotic shapes and arrangements from a clinical perspective?

    <p>To recognize pathogenic characteristics and facilitate treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) primarily used for?

    <p>To defend against bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of stomach ulcers?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drugs from the penicillin family target in bacteria?

    <p>Bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers grow in salt crystals for 250 million years?

    <p>Bacteria that had been trapped in amber for billions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphology would you expect in E. coli that was freshly grown in the lab?

    <p>Motile rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>Acting as a selective barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do periplasmic flagella play in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Motility and chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Thickness of peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does E. coli assume a filamentous form in later stages of infection?

    <p>To avoid the host immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables prokaryotic cells to thrive in various environments?

    <p>Ability to alter lipid profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is enriched in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for cells with a rod or cylindrical shape?

    <p>'Bacilli'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Streptococci' refers to a grouping of cells produced by which type of bacteria?

    <p>'Chains'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Diplobacilli' refers to a grouping of cells in which shape?

    <p>'Pairs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main platform for interacting with the environment in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria based on genetic studies?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two separate domains that prokaryotic cells are classified into?

    <p>Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of bacterial cell division?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the property of taking on different forms, as seen in the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>Pleomorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes gastric and duodenal ulcers and is able to take on different forms?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range in size for prokaryotes, in micrometers?

    <p>$0.5 - 2.0 \mu m$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most efficient size range for nutrient diffusion in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>$0.2 - 1.0 \mu m$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria based on genetic studies?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for metabolic reactions and ATP production in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>$\text{Cytoplasm}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Thiomargarita namibiensis' grows in ocean sediments and belongs to which category of prokaryotes based on size?

    <p>$\text{Large prokaryotes}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pleomorphic' refers to the ability of a bacterium to:

    <p>$\text{Take on different forms}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes important structural and functional properties to the plasma membrane?

    <p>Glycoproteins and lipid groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of warmer temperatures on membrane fluidity?

    <p>Warmer temperatures increase membrane fluidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical linkages are typically present in bacterial plasma membranes?

    <p>Ester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipids are used in the plasma membranes of archaea?

    <p>Long-branched lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a core component of bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Gram staining technique?

    <p>To classify cells based on their cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Protection from environmental toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a rigid structure to prokaryotic cells and serves as an extra layer of protection?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do certain archaea use to thrive in extreme heat?

    <p>Lipid monolayers in membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells but is rarely seen in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drugs from the penicillin family primarily target in bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan in the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to maintaining a certain level of membrane fluidity in response to environmental stimuli and cellular needs?

    <p>Unsaturated fats in the fatty acid portion of phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>To act as a poisonous substance to animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the periplasmic space in Gram-positive bacteria, as proposed by some researchers?

    <p>It serves as a site for cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) particularly promising drugs, according to the text?

    <p>They are highly specific to targeting bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the hardiness of Gram-negative bacteria, making them harder to kill with chemical agents than Gram-positive species?

    <p>The presence of porins in the outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the rarity of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?

    <p>Bacteria are less likely to develop resistance due to the ancient exposure to AMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows substances to cross the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that cannot cross the plasma membrane?

    <p>Porins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes AMP drugs selectively attack bacterial cells without damaging our own cells?

    <p>Their selective diffusion through lipid membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive cell walls?

    <p>To act as a protective barrier against antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the hardiness of Gram-negative bacteria, making them harder to kill with chemical agents than Gram-positive species?

    <p>The presence of an outer membrane and porins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>To act as a selective barrier against certain agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that makes synthetic AMPs particularly promising drugs?

    <p>Their selective toxicity against bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it likely that a culture of Gram-positive cells will contain some cells that appear Gram-negative?

    <p>Presence of damaged cell walls within a culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the storage bodies within a cell that house nutrients and reduce the active intracellular volume?

    <p>Intracellular inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of motion do spirochetes exhibit due to a specialized periplasmic flagellum?

    <p>Corkscrew-rotary motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables larger bacteria like Thiomargarita namibiensis to thrive despite less efficient diffusion for nutrient uptake?

    <p>High surface area-to-volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main platform for interacting with the environment in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drugs from the penicillin family target in bacteria?

    <p>Cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do periplasmic flagella play in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Diplobacilli' refers to a grouping of cells in which shape?

    <p>Rod-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Staph arrangement' refers to a grouping of cells produced by which type of bacteria?

    <p>'Cluster arrangement'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Streptococci' refers to a grouping of cells produced by which type of bacteria?

    <p>'Chain arrangement'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Streptococci' refers to a grouping of cells in which shape?

    <p>'Chain arrangement'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells with a rod or cylindrical shape?

    <p>'Bacilli'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for spherical cells?

    <p>'Coccus'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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