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Questions and Answers
Community health nurses work as partners within a team of professionals in public health and other disciplines to improve the health of populations.
Community health nurses work as partners within a team of professionals in public health and other disciplines to improve the health of populations.
True
Which of the following is NOT a component of a community health practice?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a community health practice?
Which of the following is NOT a core function of community health nursing?
Which of the following is NOT a core function of community health nursing?
Research is a systematic investigation to discover facts affecting community health and community health practice.
Research is a systematic investigation to discover facts affecting community health and community health practice.
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What are the key areas of focus for a community health nurse in promoting health?
What are the key areas of focus for a community health nurse in promoting health?
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The teachers can observe only the changes in the appearance of the child behavior and compare it with the other children
The teachers can observe only the changes in the appearance of the child behavior and compare it with the other children
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What is the objective of the school health program?
What is the objective of the school health program?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of a school health program?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a school health program?
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List three examples of environmental hazards found in homes.
List three examples of environmental hazards found in homes.
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Outdoor air pollution is more harmful than indoor air pollution.
Outdoor air pollution is more harmful than indoor air pollution.
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What are the three key elements of the community health nurse's role in primary prevention?
What are the three key elements of the community health nurse's role in primary prevention?
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The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a broad strategy to improve child health outcomes developed by WHO and UNICEF.
The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a broad strategy to improve child health outcomes developed by WHO and UNICEF.
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List the three main components of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).
List the three main components of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).
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Primary health care is complementary nursing care.
Primary health care is complementary nursing care.
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Which of the following is NOT a sector that supports primary health care?
Which of the following is NOT a sector that supports primary health care?
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The scope of community participation in PHC is limited to planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The scope of community participation in PHC is limited to planning, implementation, and evaluation.
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In developing countries, emphasis is placed on malnutrition, diarrhea, acute respiratory tract infections, and the killer diseases of poverty, including measles, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and AIDS.
In developing countries, emphasis is placed on malnutrition, diarrhea, acute respiratory tract infections, and the killer diseases of poverty, including measles, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and AIDS.
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Which of the following is NOT a key element of PHC in developing countries?
Which of the following is NOT a key element of PHC in developing countries?
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The implementation of Essential Drugs is one of the Eight Elements of PHC.
The implementation of Essential Drugs is one of the Eight Elements of PHC.
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What is the primary objective of preconceptional care?
What is the primary objective of preconceptional care?
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What are the four main components of preconceptional care?
What are the four main components of preconceptional care?
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Barrier methods of contraception include condoms and spermicides.
Barrier methods of contraception include condoms and spermicides.
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Which of the following is NOT a key priority for infant and child health according to UNICEF?
Which of the following is NOT a key priority for infant and child health according to UNICEF?
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The MCH center only provides care to children.
The MCH center only provides care to children.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of MCH centers?
Which of the following is NOT a function of MCH centers?
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The goal of secondary prevention is to reduce the prevalence of disease and limit disability.
The goal of secondary prevention is to reduce the prevalence of disease and limit disability.
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Tertiary prevention aims to completely eliminate disability.
Tertiary prevention aims to completely eliminate disability.
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List three examples of environmental standards.
List three examples of environmental standards.
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The role of the community health nurse in environmental health primarily involves risk identification.
The role of the community health nurse in environmental health primarily involves risk identification.
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Which of the following is NOT a step in environmental risk assessment?
Which of the following is NOT a step in environmental risk assessment?
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What is the definition of environmental health?
What is the definition of environmental health?
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Environmental impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
Environmental impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
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What are the three main components of effective communication in risk assessment?
What are the three main components of effective communication in risk assessment?
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Study Notes
Community Health Nursing
- Goal: Strengthen community resources, prevent and control communicable and non-communicable diseases, and provide specialized services. Research is also conducted.
Principles of Community Health Nursing
- Based on the needs of the community.
- Identifies community needs and functions.
- Integrates health education, guidance, and supervision with community health nursing services.
- Realistic in terms of available resources.
- Focuses on the community as the unit of health care services.
- Maintains professional relationships with etiquette and dignity.
- Encourages community participation.
- Promotes individual and family participation in decision-making.
- A continuous service provision.
- Uses proper records and reports for evaluations.
- Services available to all without discrimination.
Factors Influencing Community Health Nursing's Development
- Advanced Technology: Contributed to shaping CHNg practice, improved healthcare, nutrition, and lifestyle.
- Progress in Causal Thinking: Relating disease to its cause, significantly improved epidemiology and causality studies.
Changes in Community Health Nursing
- Education: Nursing education has significantly influenced CHNg practice, providing more content for nursing students to engage with, and increasing learner responsibility.
- Changing Role of Women: Women's rights and greater economic independence has significantly impacted CHNg, resulting in more women assuming leadership roles.
- Consumer Movement and Changing Demographics: Consumers are more demanding of quality services and participation in decision making, and demographic changes (immigration, births, or deaths) affect CHNg planning.
- Economic Factors: Unemployment and rising living and healthcare costs affect CHNg.
Characteristics of Community Health Nursing (CHNg)
- Specialty Field: Specialized knowledge and skills focused on particular populations.
- Combines Public Health and Nursing: Grounded in both public health science and nursing science, making its practice unique.
- Population Focused: Concerned with the health of population groups and their environments.
- Prevention and Health Promotion: Includes services for mothers, infants, and school programs; promotes client responsibility and self-care.
- Aggregate Measurements and Analysis: Uses data to measure impacts on the whole population before interventions for decisions.
- Organizational Principles: Carefully assesses groups and community needs, establishes priorities, and plans, implements, and evaluates services using organizational principles.
- Interprofessional Collaboration: Involves working with many different professionals (social workers, doctors, physical therapists, teachers etc).
Function of Community Health Nursing
- Assessment: Measures and monitors the health status and needs of a community or population, including collecting data on diseases, injuries, water/food quality, etc.
- Policy Development: Creates guidelines for actions regarding public health issues, based on assessment findings.
- Assurance: Ensures that established policies are translated into services provided by public or private agencies, and monitors their quality.
Components of Community Health Practices
- Health Promotion: All efforts towards optimal well-being and wellness of individuals.
- Health Problem Prevention: Identifying problems early to minimize disability, using three levels of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary).
Community Health Nursing Practice (Continued)
- Treatment of Disorders: Focuses on remedies and treatment for illnesses, including home visits, referrals, and program development (e.g., for alcoholism).
- Rehabilitation: Works to reduce disability and restore function within the community, and for individuals, families, and groups.
- Evaluation: Analyzes and judges the community health practice according to established goals and standards.
- Research: Systematic investigation into factors affecting community health and health practice; solves problems and explores improved methods.
Roles of Community Health Nurses
- Clinician: Provides care to individuals, families, and the broader community and populations; focuses on holistic care, health promotion, and skill expansion.
- Educator: Nurtures population health knowledge to improve health outcomes and prevent illnesses.
- Advocate: Actively supports client rights and advocates for clients/ populations; ensures they receive equitable care.
Special Considerations (School Health)
- Student Characteristics: Growing populations; increased exposure to physical, emotional, and social stress.
- Health Needs: Nutritional needs, protection from infections (through immunization), and a safe and healthy environment.
- School Health Programs: Focus on the health of pupils and personnel with the goal of reaching optimal physical, emotional, and intellectual health.
Primary Health Care
- Defining PHC: Essential health care, practical and scientifically sound, accessible to individuals, affordable to communities, and emphasizes self-reliance.
- Strategies: Expanding services to all in reach of one hour, ensuring efficiency, coordination with health professionals at higher levels of care, and educating the public on the need for comprehensive PHC.
- Coordination: With other sectors (e.g., agriculture, education, water).
- Community Participation: Emphasizes social awareness, community self-reliance, and active participation in health decisions.
- Appropriate Technology: Use of simple, accessible technologies and processes that are feasible in different settings, including those with fewer resources.
Communicable Diseases
- Definition: Diseases spread through direct or indirect contact, substances or inanimate objects, or vectors.
- Terminology: Infection, infectious disease, zoonotic disease, outbreak, endemic, epidemic, pandemic.
- Most Common: Respiratory diseases, diseases spread through droplet infections, parasitic diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases, and food-borne diseases. -Prevention measures: Health education about prevention, early detection and control, environmental interventions.
Family Roles and Functions
- Roles: Expectations of behavior, obligations, and rights in a family or social group.
- Functions: Biological, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, and educational roles/functions of a family with an emphasis on family health.
Community Health Nursing (Continued and Specific Considerations)
- Prenatal Care: Includes health education, assessment of patient, and provision of ongoing support.
- Postpartum Care: Provides physical and emotional support, family planning.
- School Health: Programs, nurses, appraisal, preventive, and curative services, health education, emergency care.
- Family Health: Nursing care that involves the family as a client in the assessment and interventions phases, with a focus on family functions, dynamics, and roles.
- Environmental Risk Assessments: Assessments for hazards identification, exposure assessment. and communication of risk factors among others.
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