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Questions and Answers
What is considered a prolonged gestation period in dogs?
What is considered a prolonged gestation period in dogs?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing dystocia?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing dystocia?
What is the primary cause of dystocia in dogs?
What is the primary cause of dystocia in dogs?
What does a decrease in progesterone concentration to less than 2 ng/mL indicate in dogs?
What does a decrease in progesterone concentration to less than 2 ng/mL indicate in dogs?
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Which type of uterine inertia is a result of exhaustion of the uterine myometrium?
Which type of uterine inertia is a result of exhaustion of the uterine myometrium?
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Which sign is associated with dystocia during whelping or queening?
Which sign is associated with dystocia during whelping or queening?
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Which of the following breeds is known to have a higher risk of dystocia?
Which of the following breeds is known to have a higher risk of dystocia?
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What is an abnormal finding in vulvar discharge during whelping that may indicate dystocia?
What is an abnormal finding in vulvar discharge during whelping that may indicate dystocia?
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What can lead to primary uterine inertia?
What can lead to primary uterine inertia?
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What does the Ferguson reflex stimulate in the birth process?
What does the Ferguson reflex stimulate in the birth process?
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What is the recommended action if whelping or queening does not occur within 12–36 hours after a significant drop in progesterone?
What is the recommended action if whelping or queening does not occur within 12–36 hours after a significant drop in progesterone?
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What indicates that strong labor is not progressing in a dog?
What indicates that strong labor is not progressing in a dog?
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Which factor is NOT associated with secondary uterine inertia?
Which factor is NOT associated with secondary uterine inertia?
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Which statement about survival of puppies and kittens is correct?
Which statement about survival of puppies and kittens is correct?
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How could psychological stress affect the labor process in small animals?
How could psychological stress affect the labor process in small animals?
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What is a potential effect of excessive fetal fluids during pregnancy?
What is a potential effect of excessive fetal fluids during pregnancy?
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What should be applied around the fetus during fetal obstetrical manipulation?
What should be applied around the fetus during fetal obstetrical manipulation?
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Which statement about oxytocin in obstructive dystocia is true?
Which statement about oxytocin in obstructive dystocia is true?
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What is the maximum dose of oxytocin that can be administered if there is no response to initial treatment?
What is the maximum dose of oxytocin that can be administered if there is no response to initial treatment?
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How can endogenous oxytocin be stimulated if it is not available?
How can endogenous oxytocin be stimulated if it is not available?
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What should be monitored closely during calcium administration?
What should be monitored closely during calcium administration?
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What is the preferred route of calcium gluconate administration to avoid complications?
What is the preferred route of calcium gluconate administration to avoid complications?
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Which condition is NOT an indication for a caesarean section?
Which condition is NOT an indication for a caesarean section?
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Calcium and oxytocin can work together in cases of dystocia. What is the correct order of administration for these two agents?
Calcium and oxytocin can work together in cases of dystocia. What is the correct order of administration for these two agents?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice during fetal obstetrical manipulation?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice during fetal obstetrical manipulation?
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What is a sign of primary uterine inertia that warrants a caesarean section?
What is a sign of primary uterine inertia that warrants a caesarean section?
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Which of the following indicates a potential need for a caesarean section related to fetal issues?
Which of the following indicates a potential need for a caesarean section related to fetal issues?
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Relative fetal oversize is an indication for a caesarean section particularly when it is likely to occur in which scenario?
Relative fetal oversize is an indication for a caesarean section particularly when it is likely to occur in which scenario?
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What is true regarding future whelping or queenings after a caesarean section?
What is true regarding future whelping or queenings after a caesarean section?
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What is the significance of measuring progesterone (P4) concentration in the management of dystocia?
What is the significance of measuring progesterone (P4) concentration in the management of dystocia?
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Which method can be used to estimate the number of fetuses during a physical examination?
Which method can be used to estimate the number of fetuses during a physical examination?
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What role does abdominal ultrasonography play in managing dystocia?
What role does abdominal ultrasonography play in managing dystocia?
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Which of the following is a recommended treatment approach for dystocia that does not indicate obstructive issues?
Which of the following is a recommended treatment approach for dystocia that does not indicate obstructive issues?
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What is the normal range for fetal heart rate in small animals?
What is the normal range for fetal heart rate in small animals?
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During the management of dystocia, what should be evaluated regarding the mammary glands?
During the management of dystocia, what should be evaluated regarding the mammary glands?
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What is one effect of sedating the dam during dystocia management?
What is one effect of sedating the dam during dystocia management?
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What technique should be performed to detect obstructions during a physical examination for dystocia?
What technique should be performed to detect obstructions during a physical examination for dystocia?
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Study Notes
Dystocia in Small Animals
- Dystocia is a difficult birth or the inability to deliver a fetus naturally
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Causes of dystocia can be categorized as maternal or fetal
- Maternal causes include uterine inertia, breed predisposition, and psychological stress
- Fetal causes include malposition, fetal oversize, and fetal death
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Diagnosis of dystocia requires a thorough history, physical examination, and radiographic imaging
- Physical examination includes palpation of the abdomen and vagina
- Radiographic imaging evaluates pelvic abnormalities and fetal size and location
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Treatment of dystocia focuses on stimulating uterine contractions or surgical intervention
- Medical management includes the use of oxytocin and calcium to stimulate uterine contractions
- Surgical intervention in the form of a caesarean section is indicated when medical management fails or when fetal distress is present
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Indications for a C-section include:
- Systemic illness in the dam
- Dystocia that has not been addressed
- Blackish-green vaginal discharge prior to whelping or queening
- Profuse vaginal hemorrhage prior to or after the onset of whelping or queening
- Intense myometrial contractions for > 30 minutes without delivering a puppy or kitten
- Complete primary uterine inertia that does not respond to medical treatment
- Partial primary uterine inertia that is refractory to medical management
- Secondary uterine inertia with inadequate resumption of labor
- Abnormalities of the maternal pelvis or soft tissues of the birth canal
- Relative fetal oversize, especially if considered likely to be repeated in several fetuses
- Fetal malposition not amendable to manipulation
- Fetal death with putrefaction
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Prognosis for dystocia depends on the severity of the condition and the timely intervention provided
- Prompt recognition and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis
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Important factors in the management of dystocia include:
- Accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause
- Appropriate medical or surgical intervention
- Prompt delivery of the fetus
- Adequate postpartum care
Uterine Inertia
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Uterine inertia is the most common cause of dystocia in dogs
- Primary uterine inertia occurs when the uterus fails to respond to fetal signals
- Secondary uterine inertia occurs due to exhaustion of the uterus caused by obstruction of the birth canal
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Treatment:
- Medical management includes the use of oxytocin and calcium
- Surgical intervention may be necessary if medical management fails or when fetal distress is present
Fetal Malposition
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Fetal malposition is a common cause of dystocia
- Malposition can refer to the position of the fetus in the uterus or the presence of a fetus in the birth canal
- Common malpositions include breech presentation, transverse presentation, and prolapse of the umbilical cord
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Treatment:
- Surgical intervention is often necessary to correct fetal malposition
- Obstetrical manipulation may be possible in some cases to reposition the fetus
Fetal Oversize
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Fetal oversize can occur when the fetus is too large to pass through the birth canal
- Factors that contribute to fetal oversize include breed predisposition, nutritional imbalances, and multiple pregnancies
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Treatment:
- Surgical intervention is often necessary for fetal oversize
- Obstetrical manipulation may be possible in some cases to reposition the fetus
Fetal Death
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Fetal death can occur during pregnancy or labor
- Causes of fetal death include infection, trauma, and placental insufficiency
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Treatment:
- Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove the dead fetus
- Medical management may be possible in some cases to prevent infection
Breed Predisposition
- Certain dog breeds are predisposed to dystocia, including:
- Bulldogs
- Pugs
- Boston Terriers
- Chihuahuas
- Persians
- Siamese
Management of Dystocia
- Accurate diagnosis of the cause of dystocia is crucial for effective treatment
- Appropriate medical or surgical intervention should be provided based on the diagnosis
- Prompt delivery of the fetus is important to minimize the risk of complications for the dam and the offspring
- Adequate postpartum care is necessary to ensure the health of the dam and her offspring
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Description
Explore the challenges of dystocia in small animals, covering its causes, diagnosis, and treatment methods. This quiz will test your understanding of maternal and fetal factors contributing to difficult births, as well as the medical and surgical solutions available. Perfect for veterinary students and animal care professionals.
