Dysphagia: Difficulty in Swallowing

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What is the main characteristic of dysphagia?

Difficulty in swallowing (correct)

Inflammation of the oesophagus

Pain during swallowing

Food sticking in the throat

Which of the following is a symptom of dysphagia?

Bloating after eating

Nausea and vomiting

Food sticking in the throat/chest during or after swallowing (correct)

Pain in the chest

What is the most common type of tumour that causes dysphagia?

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (correct)

Sarcoma

Lymphoma

Which of the following is a complication of oesophageal tumours?

Tracheo-oesophageal fistulation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of dysphagia in atypical achalasia?

Loss of ganglia from intramural plexus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a web that causes dysphagia?

A fibrous stricture at the upper end of the oesophagus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of respiratory problems in relation to retained oesophageal contents?

Regurgitation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscle that is affected in Scleroderma, leading to dysphagia?

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor - Cricopharyngeus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sensation of a lump in the throat, often worse when swallowing saliva?

Globus hystericus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of muscle that coats the inner layer of the oesophagus?

Circular muscle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the weak point in the oesophagus where a pharyngeal pouch can form?

Killian’s dehiscence (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for oesophagitis?

Inflammation due to reflux from the stomach (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of epithelium that lines the mucosal layer of the oesophagus?

Stratified Squamous Non Keratinising Epithelium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease characterized by the loss of ganglia from the intramural plexus?

Achalasia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the passage of pale bulky stools that contain fat?

Steatorrhoea (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve that innervates the motor and sensory nerves in the oesophageal plexus?

Vagus nerve (X) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary dysfunction in achalasia of the cardia?

The cardiac sphincter fails to relax during swallowing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the eventual result of the failure of peristalsis in achalasia of the cardia?

Progressive dilation of the oesophagus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for spasm due to a variety of causes, resulting in attacks of dysphagia and pain?

Oesophageal spasm (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential result of an oesophageal spasm in relation to the oesophagus?

A corkscrew oesophagus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does an oesophageal web consist of?

Glossitis, iron deficiency anaemia, dysphagia, and koilonychia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to identify oesophageal webs?

Because they are premalignant (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common aetiology of peptic and gastric ulcers?

Mucosal inflammation due to acid and pepsin destruction of lining mucosa (A) Signup and view all the answers

What 2 things must be considered as dentists with peptic ulcers?

Avoid NSAID use and steroids may complicate things (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an acute and chronic duodenal ulcer?

Chronic ulcers penetrate submucosa and muscular wall (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 investigations used to diagnose peptic ulcers?

Endoscopy and barium meal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of chronic inflammation in the stomach?

iron deficiency (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for carcinoma of the oesophagus?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of carcinoma of the oesophagus?

Dysphagia (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does carcinoma of the oesophagus spread to the liver?

Through the lymph nodes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the majority type of carcinoma present in oesophagus carcinoma?

Squamous cell Carcinoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is pyloric stenosis?

Projectile vomiting in children (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is haematemesis?

Vomiting of blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a congenital cause of haematemesis?

Haemophilia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a neoplastic cause of haematemesis?

Oesophageal SCC (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a local spread effect of carcinoma of the oesophagus?

Fistulae to the trachea (A) Signup and view all the answers