41 Questions
What is the main characteristic of dysphagia?
Difficulty in swallowing
Which of the following is a symptom of dysphagia?
Food sticking in the throat/chest during or after swallowing
What is the most common type of tumour that causes dysphagia?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which of the following is a complication of oesophageal tumours?
Tracheo-oesophageal fistulation
What is the cause of dysphagia in atypical achalasia?
Loss of ganglia from intramural plexus
What is the characteristic of a web that causes dysphagia?
A fibrous stricture at the upper end of the oesophagus
What is the primary cause of respiratory problems in relation to retained oesophageal contents?
Regurgitation
What is the name of the muscle that is affected in Scleroderma, leading to dysphagia?
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor - Cricopharyngeus
What is the term for the sensation of a lump in the throat, often worse when swallowing saliva?
Globus hystericus
What is the type of muscle that coats the inner layer of the oesophagus?
Circular muscle
What is the name of the weak point in the oesophagus where a pharyngeal pouch can form?
Killian’s dehiscence
What is the primary reason for oesophagitis?
Inflammation due to reflux from the stomach
What is the type of epithelium that lines the mucosal layer of the oesophagus?
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinising Epithelium
What is the name of the disease characterized by the loss of ganglia from the intramural plexus?
Achalasia
What is the term for the passage of pale bulky stools that contain fat?
Steatorrhoea
What is the nerve that innervates the motor and sensory nerves in the oesophageal plexus?
Vagus nerve (X)
What is the primary dysfunction in achalasia of the cardia?
The cardiac sphincter fails to relax during swallowing
What is the eventual result of the failure of peristalsis in achalasia of the cardia?
Progressive dilation of the oesophagus
What is the term for spasm due to a variety of causes, resulting in attacks of dysphagia and pain?
Oesophageal spasm
What is the potential result of an oesophageal spasm in relation to the oesophagus?
A corkscrew oesophagus
What does an oesophageal web consist of?
Glossitis, iron deficiency anaemia, dysphagia, and koilonychia
Why is it important to identify oesophageal webs?
Because they are premalignant
What is the common aetiology of peptic and gastric ulcers?
Mucosal inflammation due to acid and pepsin destruction of lining mucosa
What 2 things must be considered as dentists with peptic ulcers?
Avoid NSAID use and steroids may complicate things
What is the difference between an acute and chronic duodenal ulcer?
Chronic ulcers penetrate submucosa and muscular wall
What are 2 investigations used to diagnose peptic ulcers?
Endoscopy and barium meal
What is a complication of chronic inflammation in the stomach?
iron deficiency
What is a risk factor for carcinoma of the oesophagus?
All of the above
What is a symptom of carcinoma of the oesophagus?
Dysphagia
How does carcinoma of the oesophagus spread to the liver?
Through the lymph nodes
What is the majority type of carcinoma present in oesophagus carcinoma?
Squamous cell Carcinoma
What is pyloric stenosis?
Projectile vomiting in children
What is haematemesis?
Vomiting of blood
What is a congenital cause of haematemesis?
Haemophilia
What is a neoplastic cause of haematemesis?
Oesophageal SCC
What is a local spread effect of carcinoma of the oesophagus?
Fistulae to the trachea
What type of muscles are the superior, middle, and inferior muscles of the oesophagus?
Constrictor muscles
How many constrictor muscles make up the oesophagus?
Three
What are the three constrictor muscles of the oesophagus?
Superior, middle, and inferior
What is the function of the constrictor muscles in the oesophagus?
To constrict the oesophagus
Where are the constrictor muscles located in the oesophagus?
Throughout the oesophagus
Test your knowledge of dysphagia, a condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing, including its symptoms, causes, and effects. Evaluate your understanding of oesophageal reasons for dysphagia, such as tumors, inflammation, and more.
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