Dysphagia Causes and Symptoms

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What is the definition of dysphagia?

Pain during swallowing
Regurgitation of food
Difficulty in swallowing (correct)
Inflammation of the oesophagus

Which type of tumour is most common in the oesophagus?

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (correct)
Lymphoma
Leiomyoma

What is a common symptom of dysphagia?

Bloating and abdominal discomfort
Something sticking in the throat/chest during swallowing or immediately after (correct)
Nausea and vomiting
Chest pain during swallowing

What is the cause of a web in the oesophagus?

Atrophy of the mucosa and fibrous stricture formation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of achalasia on the oesophagus?

Obstruction of oesophageal emptying (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of oesophageal spasms?

Atypical achalasia, acid reflux, neuromuscular disorders, or cardia obstruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of achalasia of the cardia?

Functional obstruction to oesophageal emptying with dysphagia for solids and liquids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between peptic and gastric ulcers?

Aetiology of the ulcer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a chronic duodenal ulcer?

Penetration of the submucosa and muscular wall (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for oesophageal webs?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common aetiology of peptic and gastric ulcers?

Mucosal inflammation due to acid and pepsin destruction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for oesophagitis?

Inflammation of oesophagus due to reflux from the stomach that is very acidic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of muscle that makes up the upper 2/3 of the oesophagus?

Striated muscle (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of peptic ulcer disease if left untreated?

Bleeding and perforation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for spasm due to a variety of causes, resulting in attacks of dysphagia and pain?

Oesophageal spasm (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of stimulation of the vomiting centres in the lateral reticular formation of the medulla?

Vomiting (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the areas affected by peptic and gastric ulcers?

Peptic ulcers can affect the oesophagus, stomach, or duodenum, while gastric ulcers only affect the stomach (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the epithelial lining of the mucosal layer of the oesophagus?

Stratified Squamous Non Keratinising Epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the relaxation of the gastro-oesophageal sphincter in achalasia of the cardia?

Loss of ganglia from the intramural plexus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bacteria that can trigger peptic ulcer disease?

Helicobacter pylori (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the diverticulum that forms in pharyngeal pouch disease?

Zeneker’s Diverticulum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the procedure used to diagnose peptic ulcers?

Both a and b (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the muscle that innervates the motor and sensory nerves in the oesophageal plexus?

Vagus nerve (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the weak point of the oesophagus where a pharyngeal pouch can form?

Killian’s dehiscence (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why candida oesophagitis occurs?

Immunocompromised individuals (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the peristaltic wave in the oesophagus?

Food bolus is pushed into the stomach (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of chronic inflammation on iron absorption?

Reduced iron absorption due to decreased acid production (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with chronic inflammation in the stomach?

Vitamin B12 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common age range for carcinoma of the oesophagus?

Over 50s (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for carcinoma of the oesophagus?

Heavy alcohol use (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical progression of dysphagia in carcinoma of the oesophagus?

Solids before liquids (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of carcinoma found in oesophagus carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can the oesophagus spread to the liver?

Through the lymph nodes and mediastinum (B) Signup and view all the answers