Dysphagia: Causes and Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary symptom of dysphagia?

  • Pain during swallowing
  • Regurgitation of food
  • Difficulty in speaking
  • Something sticking in the throat or chest during swallowing or immediately after (correct)

    • Which type of tumor is most commonly associated with dysphagia?

  • Lymphoma
  • Leiomyoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (correct)
  • Adenocarcinoma

    • What is the primary cause of oesophageal spasms leading to dysphagia?

  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Acid reflux
  • Neuromuscular disorders
  • Atypical achalasia (correct)

    • What is the term for a fibrous stricture that forms at the upper end of the oesophagus due to mucosal atrophy?

    <p>Web</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a soft food bolus causing dysphagia?

    <p>Muscle relaxants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of a tumor spreading to the trachea in dysphagia?

    <p>Tracheo-oesophageal fistulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of iron deficiency due to chronic inflammation?

    <p>Glossitis and microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age group where carcinoma of the oesophagus is most common?

    <p>Over 50s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for carcinoma of the oesophagus?

    <p>Heavy alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of carcinoma of the oesophagus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of retained oesophageal contents?

    <p>Respiratory problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for oesophagitis?

    <p>Inflammation of the oesophagus due to acid reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a local spread effect of carcinoma of the oesophagus?

    <p>Fistulae to the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Globus hystericus?

    <p>Intermittent sensation of a lump in the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of carcinoma present in oesophagus carcinoma?

    <p>Squamous cell Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle coats the inner and outer layers of the oesophagus?

    <p>Circular and longitudinal muscle coats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the oesophagus spread to the liver?

    <p>Through direct invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weak point of the oesophagus?

    <p>Meeting point of the two parts of the inferior constrictor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a diagnostic test for carcinoma of the oesophagus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the mucosal layer of the oesophagus?

    <p>Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pyloric stenosis?

    <p>A condition where the pyloric sphincter is always closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is haematemesis?

    <p>Vomiting of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for pharyngeal pouch disease?

    <p>Herniation of mucosa through a weakness in the pharyngeal constrictor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is achalasia of the cardia?

    <p>Loss of ganglia from the intramural plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vagus nerve in the oesophagus?

    <p>Innervates the motor and sensory nerves in the oesophageal plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of retained oesophageal contents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of achalasia of the cardia?

    <p>Functional obstruction to oesophageal emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between peptic and gastric ulcers in terms of areas affected?

    <p>Peptic ulcers affect the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum, while gastric ulcers affect only the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Mucosal inflammation due to acid and pepsin destruction of lining mucosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of quadruple therapy in treating peptic ulcers?

    <p>To treat Helicobacter pylori infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic duodenal ulceration?

    <p>Penetration of the ulcer into the submucosa and muscular wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of controlling predisposing factors in treating peptic ulcers?

    <p>To prevent further mucosal damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an oesophageal spasm?

    <p>Dysphagia and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for oesophageal webs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an acute and chronic duodenal ulcer?

    <p>Chronic ulcers penetrate the submucosa and muscular wall, while acute ulcers do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dysphagia

    • Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing
    • Symptom: something sticking in throat/chest during or after swallowing
    • 9 oesophageal reasons for dysphagia:
      • Tumours (SCC, adenocarcinoma)
      • Inflammation (acid reflux, drugs, chemical burn)
      • Stricture (radiation, acid reflux)
      • Foreign body (soft food bolus, impacted coins, bones)
      • Trauma (bones, surgery)
      • Web (mucosa becomes atrophic, fibrous stricture forms)
      • Goitre, enlarged left atrium, mediastinal glands
      • Oesophageal spasms (atypical achalasia, acid reflux, neuromuscular disorders, cardia obstruction)

    Pharyngeal and Oral Causes of Dysphagia

    • 10 oral and pharyngeal reasons for dysphagia:
      • Tumours (SCC)
      • Inflammation (severe candidiasis, herpes, tonsillitis, glossitis)
      • Fibrosis (scleroderma)
      • Trauma (bones, surgery)
      • Pouch (herniation of mucosa, food collects in pouch)
      • Deformity of cervical spine
      • Xerostomia (Sjogren's, drugs)
      • Stroke, Parkinson's, MS, MG, Bulbar Palsy
      • Globus hystericus (perceived lump in throat, worse with saliva, less with food/liquids)

    GI Disease Symptoms

    • 9 symptoms of GI disease:
      • Abdominal pain
      • Dysphagia
      • Heartburn
      • Dyspepsia
      • Flatulence
      • Vomiting
      • Constipation
      • Diarrhoea
      • Steatorrhoea

    Oesophagus

    • The oesophagus is a musculotendinous tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
    • 4 symptoms associated with the oesophagus:
      • Dysphagia
      • Pain (acid reflux)
      • Cough or vomiting (food/liquids refluxing back to pharynx)
      • Bleeding (haematemesis)
    • 6 diseases associated with the oesophagus:
      • Pharyngeal pouch
      • Achalasia
      • Oesophageal spasm
      • Oesophageal web
      • Peptic ulcer disease/reflux
      • Carcinoma

    Oesophageal Anatomy and Function

    • The oesophagus consists of 3 muscles: superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles (striated)
    • Weak point of the oesophagus: Killian's dehiscence, where Zeneker's diverticulum can form
    • Innervation: vagus nerve (X)
    • Epithelium lining the mucosal layer: stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
    • Swallowing occurs through peristalsis: a peristaltic wave triggers, food bolus is pushed into the stomach, and the gut stretches, causing depolarisation and action potential, leading to waves of muscle relaxation and contraction.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the definition, symptoms, and oesophageal reasons for dysphagia, including tumors, inflammation, and other causes.

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