40 Questions
What is the pressure of menstrual cramps in women with intense pain?
More than 400 mm Hg
What is a psychological factor that influences menstrual cramps?
Emotional stress
What is a non-hormonal treatment for primary dysmenorrhea?
NSAIDs
What is the purpose of applying hot packs to the lower abdomen and lower back?
To increase blood flow to the contracting muscles
What is the location of the SP 6 acupressure point?
On the medial aspect of the calf, three cuns above the medial malleolus
What is the benefit of reassurance and discussion after menarche?
It alleviates fear and anxiety related to menstrual cramps
What is a possible reason for the intensity of pain to decrease after the birth of the first child?
Hormonal changes during pregnancy
What is the typical age range for primary dysmenorrhea to occur?
Below 25 years old
What is the location of the SP 8 acupressure point?
On the mediolateral aspect of the calf, three cuns below the SP9 point
What is the cause of pain in primary dysmenorrhea?
Increased prostaglandins
What is a characteristic of pain in primary dysmenorrhea?
Pain that begins before onset of menses and during the first 24 hours of menstruation
What is a condition that can cause secondary dysmenorrhea?
All of the above
What is the purpose of measuring uterine pressure and contractions in assessing menstrual cramps?
To document the severity of menstrual cramps
What is the typical frequency of uterine contractions during a normal menstrual period?
1-4 contractions every 10 minutes
What is the typical duration of uterine contractions during a normal menstrual period?
15-30 seconds
What is the typical pressure of uterine contractions during a normal menstrual period?
50-80 mm Hg
What is the primary focus of the acupuncture technique?
Restoring the balance of body's vital energies
What is the mechanism of pain relief in Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)?
Decreasing the production of prostaglandins and stimulating endorphine production
What is the site of application for Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the suprapubic region?
Crook lying position, three shoots, direct contact, head perpendicular for 60 seconds
What is the wavelength of the laser used in Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)?
904 nm
What is the primary mechanism of pain relief in TENS?
Stimulating the release of endorphins
What is the location of the 2nd electrode (B) in the TENS dual channel V-shaped technique?
Antrolateral aspect of the umbilicus to the right (negative)
How many shoots are applied on the suprapubic region in Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)?
3 shoots for 60 seconds each
What is the maximum power of the laser used in Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)?
5 milliwatts
What is the frequency range for the dual channel crisscross pathway?
80-120 Hz
Where is the 1st electrode A1 placed?
On the abdomen at the most anterolateral area of pain below umbilicus on the right
What is the primary mechanism of pain relief by Kinesio-Taping?
Suppression of pain by stimulation of tactile fibers in the skin
What is the percentage of longitudinal stretch of the Kinesio-Tape?
55-60%
What is the effect of Kinesio-Taping on menstrual pain?
Decrease in pain sensitization
What is the purpose of applying Kinesio-Tape on the lower abdomen and lower back?
To decrease menstrual cramps
What is the primary mechanism of pain relief by aerobic exercise?
Release of endorphins
What is the duration of the dual channel crisscross pathway for 1 hour several times a day?
At minimal intensity
What is the primary goal of isometric exercises, including abdominal and pelvic exercises, in managing menstrual cramps?
To decrease the severity and duration of pain and the rate of use of medication
Which of the following yoga poses are recommended for heavier menstrual days?
Cobra, Cat, Cow and Fish Pose
What is the recommended duration for holding each stretch during yoga exercises?
30 to 60 seconds
What is the primary benefit of using aromatherapy during menstruation?
To reduce the intensity of pain and improve body's endurance
What is the recommended daily supplement to reduce the duration of dysmenorrhea?
Vitamin E
What lifestyle change is recommended to reduce water retention during menstruation?
Reduce the amount of salt in your diet
Which of the following foods is recommended to eat more during menstruation?
Chicken and fish
What is the recommended supplement to help maintain hormonal balance during menstruation?
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA)
Study Notes
Dysmenorrhea
- Definition: Severe, cramping pain in the lower abdomen that occurs just before or during menses.
Types of Dysmenorrhea
- Primary dysmenorrhea:
- No underlying gynecological cause
- Typically affects young women below 25 years old
- Pain begins within 6 months to 1 year following menarche
- Pain is spasmodic, with or without nausea and vomiting, and may radiate to the lower back and thighs
- Secondary dysmenorrhea:
- Underlying abnormal or pathological cause
- Typically affects women between 30-45 years old
- Pain progresses throughout menstruation
- Causes include fibroids, adenomyosis, STI, and endometriosis
Etiology of Dysmenorrhea
- Primary dysmenorrhea:
- Increased uterine activity
- Increased prostaglandins released due to endometrial cell lysis
- Secondary dysmenorrhea:
- Underlying conditions such as fibroids, adenomyosis, STI, and endometriosis
Assessment of Menstrual Cramps
- Measuring pressure within the uterus and number & frequency of uterine contractions
- Normal menstrual cramps: 50-80 mm Hg, lasting 15-30 seconds, and occurring every 10 minutes
- Intense pain: exceeding 400 mm Hg, lasting longer than 90 seconds, and occurring less than 15 seconds apart
Factors Influencing Menstrual Cramps
- Narrow cervical canal
- Retroverted uterus (RVF)
- Lack of exercise
- Psychological factors (emotional stress)
- Adenomyosis and endometriosis
- Uterine fibroids
Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea
- General and psychological treatment:
- Discussion and reassurance
- Pain may decrease after childbirth
- Drug therapy:
- Non-hormonal treatment (NSAIDs) to decrease prostaglandins
- Hormonal treatment (oral contraceptive pills) to decrease endometrial growth
- Physical therapy treatment:
- Hot packs to increase blood flow and reduce muscle spasm
- Acupressure to balance internal function
- Acupuncture to restore balance of qi
- Low-level laser therapy to decrease prostaglandins and stimulate endorphins
- TENS to block pain perception and stimulate release of body opioids
- Kinesio-taping to suppress pain sensitivity
- Aerobic exercise to release endorphins and improve blood flow
- Relaxation techniques and yoga to increase pain threshold and improve balance
- Aromatherapy to reduce stress and pain
- Lifestyle changes and diet modification:
- Stop smoking
- Take vitamin E supplements
- Reduce salt intake
- Choose pure fruit juices and mineral water
- Eat high-fiber foods and salads
- Consider supplements containing gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
This quiz covers the definition and types of dysmenorrhea, including primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Learn about the characteristics of each type and how they differ.
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