Annexe : Developmental Dyslexia

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Questions and Answers

What is the cause of poor reading in children with low IQ?

It is primarily caused by general learning difficulties. (correct)

It is primarily related to socioeconomic status.

It is likely due to a specific decoding problem.

It is mainly attributed to genetic factors.

How does the genetic influence on dyslexia differ between high-IQ and low-IQ individuals?

Genetic influence is similar in both groups.

Genetic differences play a smaller role in high-IQ dyslexia.

Genetic factors contribute more to high-IQ dyslexia. (correct)

Genetic makeup determines the severity of dyslexia regardless of IQ.

The text suggests that children from higher socioeconomic status families are more likely to experience dyslexia due to:

Lack of early childhood intervention.

Environmental factors associated with lower SES.

Limited access to quality education.

Increased prevalence of genetic risk factors. (correct)

What is the concept of IQ-discrepancy definitions for dyslexia?

It may not always be a reliable indicator of the underlying cause of reading difficulties. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly mentioned as a possible reason why children struggle with reading?

Emotional regulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between cognitive ability and reading proficiency?

Cognitive ability plays a significant role in reading proficiency, but other factors are also involved. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea presented in the text?

Dyslexia is a complex disorder that is not solely defined by low reading ability. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main claim made regarding the role of environmental and genetic factors in reading difficulties?

Environmental factors associated with low socioeconomic status play a bigger role in causing poor reading in children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds compared to those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's primary purpose in writing this text?

To explore the complex nature of dyslexia and its underlying causes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential environmental factor contributing to reading difficulties?

Exposure to high-quality education (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genetic risk factors and socioeconomic status, according to the passage?

Genetic factors contribute less to reading difficulties in children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds in the presence of environmental risk factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage address the distinction between age-referenced and IQ-referenced definitions of reading difficulties?

It presents evidence that the distinction lacks support in neuropsychology and treatment effectiveness. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic shared by poor readers across all ability levels?

Difficulties in processing sounds in language (phonological processing) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the section titled 'Neuropsychology of Dyslexia,' mentioned in the passage?

To provide a detailed explanation of the neurological processes involved in reading and how they are affected in dyslexia. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the passage?

To examine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to reading difficulties across different socioeconomic levels. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the information presented in the passage?

Poor readers across all ability levels typically struggle with phonological processing. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest written unit in the Chinese language?

Character (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between phonology and reading in Chinese?

Phonological awareness plays a key role in learning to read Chinese. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the relationship between phonology and reading in Chinese differ from alphabetic languages?

Morphological and syllabic awareness is more important in Chinese. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the smallest written unit in Chinese and alphabetic languages?

Chinese characters represent morphemes, while letters represent phonemes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement 'Chinese characters have phonological elements'?

Phonological awareness is important for reading Chinese, despite the difference from alphabetic languages. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of phonological awareness in learning to read Chinese?

It plays a key role, but is less important than morphological and syllabic awareness. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key difference between learning to read Chinese and alphabetic languages?

Morphological and syllabic awareness are more critical in Chinese (C) Signup and view all the answers

What implication can be drawn from the statement 'skilled readers of Chinese show phonological effects on word recognition?'

Even skilled readers of Chinese are not immune to the influence of phonology. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of reading variance is linked to environmental factors that fall under the SES umbrella?

5% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What two factors are cited as influencing the relationship between SES and reading?

Environmental and Genetic Factors (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text explain the potential influence of genes on the relationship between SES and reading?

Genes influence individual differences that impact educational attainment, income, and occupational status, which in turn affect reading ability. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the reading variance related to SES is due to environmental factors?

50% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument made regarding SES and reading ability in the text?

SES is a complex factor influenced by both environmental and genetic variables, and it partly explains reading ability. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the possibility of social mobility influencing the relationship between SES and reading?

Societies with a degree of social mobility indicate that SES is not solely an environmental construct. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of adoption studies in understanding the relationship between SES and reading?

Adoption studies provide insights into the influence of both genetic and environmental factors on reading ability. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key takeaway regarding the complex relationship between SES and reading ability?

SES is intertwined with various factors, both environmental and genetic, influencing reading ability. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as a factor that contributes to reading difficulties?

Socioeconomic status (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive factor becomes increasingly important as literacy development progresses?

Speed of cognitive processing (C) Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that deficits in which cognitive area are NOT caused by reading difficulties themselves, but rather contribute to them?

Speed of cognitive processing (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point made about the relationship between dyslexia and visual perception?

While visual perception was once thought to be a factor, it is no longer considered a primary cause (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive factor is stated to be the strongest predictor of later reading skills in young children?

Phonological awareness (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential factor influencing reading abilities in children?

Socioeconomic status (D) Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that deficits in which cognitive area are more closely linked to reading fluency rather than single-word reading accuracy?

Speed of cognitive processing (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the text regarding the causal role of cognitive deficits in reading difficulties?

Cognitive deficits contribute causally to reading difficulties, and are not merely a result of them (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as a potential influence on individual differences in reading ability?

Type of reading instruction received (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is a potential cause for the Flynn effect, which shows an increase in average IQ over time?

Improvements in basic public health, such as nutrition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the text? To explain...

The role of genetics and environment in the development of dyslexia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the content as an example of a preliteracy and literacy activity often studied in relation to reading development?

Reciting rhymes (B) Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that research on the causes of individual differences in reading ability does NOT provide information about...

The effectiveness of different reading interventions (A) Signup and view all the answers

The text implies that a Flynn effect, similar to the one seen with IQ, may also be possible in the area of reading ability. Which statement supports this idea?

The average reading ability of a population may increase over time due to environmental factors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The content mentions the variation of language interaction between parents and children across socioeconomic levels. What does this suggest about the role of environmental factors in reading development?

The quantity and quality of language exposure can influence reading skills. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the ability of environmental treatments, such as evidence-based reading instruction, to improve reading ability in children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds?

Such treatments can have a significant positive impact on reading skills, but more research is needed to determine their effectiveness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Dyslexia

A review of developmental dyslexia uses a levels-of-analysis framework
The framework summarizes current understanding of etiology, brain bases, neuropsychology, and social context of dyslexia
Dyslexia is caused by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors
Several candidate genes have been identified in recent years
Brain-level dyslexia is associated with aberrant structure and function, primarily in left hemisphere reading/language networks
The neurocognitive influences on dyslexia are multifactorial, involving phonological processing deficits, and weaknesses in other oral language skills, and processing speed
Contextual elements including language variations and social classes are addressed
Treatments for dyslexia are also discussed and highlighted are exciting new research efforts across various levels of analysis that are promising to provide a complete explanation for the disorder

Keywords

reading disability, etiology, neuropsychology, language, genetics

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Description

This quiz explores the intricate relationship between dyslexia, cognitive ability, and environmental influences as discussed in the provided text. It examines how factors such as IQ and socioeconomic status impact reading difficulties in children. Test your understanding of these concepts and the main ideas presented by the author.