Science of Reading Models Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main implication of the study by Forster Chambers (1973)?

  • The pronunciation of a word can be determined solely by applying grapheme-phoneme rules.
  • Pronunciation is determined more quickly by a dictionary look-up than by applying grapheme-phoneme rules. (correct)
  • Naming time is not related to lexical decision time.
  • Lexical search is not necessary for pronunciation.

What is the primary goal of the science of reading, as stated in the text?

  • To identify the specific areas of the brain responsible for reading.
  • To create computational models that simulate the reading process.
  • To develop effective methods for teaching reading.
  • To understand how the brain processes information during reading. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the DRC model of reading?

  • A non-lexical route for processing novel words and non-words.
  • A separate pathway for processing irregular words.
  • A lexical route for processing familiar words.
  • A reliance on orthography-to-phonology connections for all word types. (correct)

How does the triangle model explain surface dyslexia?

<p>Overspecialization of orthography-to-phonology connections for consistent words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the difficulty with novel words and non-words in phonological dyslexia?

<p>Phonological dyslexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between high-frequency words and reading speed?

<p>High-frequency words are accessed faster in the mental lexicon, leading to faster reading aloud times. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the computational models of reading discussed in the text?

<p>Creating computer programs that simulate how we read single words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the DRC model and the triangle model in terms of explaining dyslexia?

<p>The DRC model attributes dyslexia to damage in specific routes while the triangle model attributes it to faulty connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the orthographic input lexicon?

<p>To process visual input and activate compatible words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route retrieves knowledge about a word's meaning and pronunciation from long-term memory?

<p>Lexical route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the non-lexical route from the lexical route when processing words?

<p>It works for unknown or novel words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the letter 'P' is seen in the input lexicon?

<p>Words containing 'P' are activated while others are suppressed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of word processing, what do inhibitory connections do?

<p>Suppress incompatible representations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connections are used for activating representations across levels?

<p>Excitatory connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of the lexical route?

<p>It is ineffective for novel or unknown words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phonological output lexicon specifically remember?

<p>The sounds of words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to excitatory connections during the activation of the input lexicon for words containing 'p'?

<p>They activate words that contain 'p'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of feedback influences in the reading model?

<p>They allow for corrections of perceived words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding non-words like 'SARE'?

<p>They activate meanings for similar existing words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does time pressure affect the reading routes?

<p>It leads to errors like regularizing exception words. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pseudoword reading?

<p>It allows assessment of print-to-sound correspondences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects the demands on the lexical and non-lexical routes?

<p>The transparency or opacity of a language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the connection behavior when reading non-words?

<p>They may evoke visual similarities leading to false recognition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the lexical route under time pressure when reading?

<p>It may mistake a nonword for a real word. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key concept introduced during the cognitive science era of the 1970s and 80s?

<p>The mind as software operating on the hardware of the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique debuted as a major advancement in cognitive neuropsychology in the 1980s and 90s?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of double dissociation refer to in cognitive neuropsychology?

<p>Opposite patterns of impairment due to lesions in different areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of cognitive neuroscience that emerged in the 1990s?

<p>To discover the neural foundations underpinning behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) compared to other activation methods?

<p>It has lower temporal resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is specifically associated with language production?

<p>Broca's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive neuroscience combines localizationist neuropsychology and advanced brain measurement tools?

<p>Functional imaging techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to observe brain activity during cognitive tasks with high spatial resolution?

<p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

<p>Its reach is limited to cortical regions near the scalp. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do activation methods primarily reveal about brain activity?

<p>Correlations between brain activity and behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects an important aspect of neuropsychology in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>It relies heavily on lesion-deficit mapping techniques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals in functional localisation within cognitive neuroscience?

<p>To map cognitive processes onto brain regions in a two-step process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with the method of monkey single unit recordings?

<p>The procedure often involves invasive techniques. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the translation of monkey single unit recordings to humans considered problematic?

<p>The physiological differences can lead to inaccuracies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches can provide causal evidence in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>Neuropsychological studies with lesion mapping. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do neuronal systems in cognitive neuroscience propose about mental phenomena?

<p>They can exist independently of specific brain regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acquired dyslexia and developmental dyslexia?

<p>Acquired dyslexia is caused by brain damage, while developmental dyslexia is a learning disability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the "dual-route cascaded (DRC) model" of reading?

<p>This model proposes that reading involves two distinct pathways: one for recognizing familiar words and another for decoding novel words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the non-lexical route in the DRC model work?

<p>It converts letters or groups of letters into their corresponding sounds and assembles them to form the pronunciation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of words does the non-lexical route struggle with?

<p>Words that have irregular spelling-sound relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the non-lexical route in reading?

<p>It allows us to read words that we have never seen before. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of grapheme-phoneme correspondence (GPC) rules?

<p>Rules that associate specific letters or letter combinations with their corresponding sounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a regular word that can be easily pronounced using the non-lexical route?

<p>Cat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mental lexicon in reading?

<p>To retrieve information about word meanings and pronunciations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frequency Effects

High-frequency words are accessed faster in the mental lexicon, leading to quick reading.

Lexical Decision Time

Time taken to decide if a string of letters is a real word or not.

Pronunciation Speed

Pronouncing a word can be faster through lexical look-up than phoneme rules.

Phonological Dyslexia

Difficulty reading novel or non-words due to non-lexical route damage.

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Surface Dyslexia

Difficulty with irregular words, linked to specialized connections.

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DRC Model

A model explaining reading pathways including lexical and non-lexical routes.

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Triangle Models

Suggests damage affects orthography-to-phonology connections in reading.

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Information Processing in Reading

Transforming print to speech and/or meaning simultaneously during reading.

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Orthographic Input Lexicon

Memory of how words are spelled.

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Phonological Output Lexicon

Memory of how words sound.

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Lexical Route

Retrieves word meaning and pronunciation from memory.

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Non-Lexical Route

Approximates pronunciation using letter-sound rules.

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Excitatory Connections

Activate compatible representations in mental lexicon.

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Inhibitory Connections

Suppress non-compatible representations.

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Feedback Influence

When one word activates corresponding letter units.

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Regular vs. Irregular Words

Regular words adhere to phoneme rules; irregular do not.

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Feedforward Connections

Connections that activate relevant words in the input lexicon and inhibit others.

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Retroactive Feedback

Memory influences perception, altering how we read or understand words.

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Pseudoword Reading

Reading made-up words may activate similar sounding words from memory.

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Exception Words

Words that follow unique pronunciation rules, influencing reading.

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Language Transparency

How clearly the spelling of a language corresponds to sounds, affecting reading routes.

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Time Pressure Errors

Mistakes made while reading quickly due to competing routes activating similar words.

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Visual Similarity Effect

Similar looking words can influence the pronunciation of non-words.

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Acquired Dyslexia

Partial or complete loss of reading ability due to brain lesions.

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Developmental Dyslexia

A lasting impairment in the ability to acquire reading skills.

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Dual-Route Cascaded Model

A model describing two ways to convert written words to speech: via rules or direct lookup.

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Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondence (GPC)

The relationship between written letters (graphemes) and their spoken sounds (phonemes).

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Pronunciation Computation

Deriving pronunciation by applying phonetic rules or looking up words in memory.

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Direct Dictionary Lookup

Pronunciation derived from recalling words directly from long-term memory.

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Cognitive Science

Study of the mind inspired by the software analogy of the brain.

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Mental Modules

Theories of specific cognitive functions linked to brain areas.

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Cognitive Neuropsychology

Field studying brain lesions to understand cognitive functions localization.

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Broca's Area

Brain region associated with language production.

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Wernicke's Area

Region linked to language comprehension in the brain.

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Double Dissociation

Concept where damage to different brain areas causes distinct impairments.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

Integration of neuropsychology and brain imaging to study behavior.

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fMRI and EEG

Techniques allowing observation of brain activity during cognitive tasks.

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EEG Resolution

EEG has excellent temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution.

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Activation Methods

Reveal correlations between brain activity and behavior, not causation.

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A deactivation method that disrupts neural activity to infer brain region necessity.

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Neuropsychology

Studies brain damage through lesion mapping to provide causal evidence of cognitive functions.

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Functional Localisation

Mapping cognitive processes onto specific brain regions in a two-step process.

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Cognitive Ontology

Basic building blocks of cognition defined for mapping onto brain regions.

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Neuron Systems

Organized groups of neurons that contribute to cognitive processes.

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Study Notes

Week 1: Computational Models of Reading and Acquired Dyslexia & Intro to Cognition

  • Computational Models of Reading: Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) models, also known as connectionist models, propose reading aloud involves a network of interconnected processing units. These units learn associations between visual inputs (letters) and phonological outputs (sounds) through patterns of activation within the network, rather than explicit rules or lookup tables.

  • Lecture 1 (Dumay) & Coltheart (1993): Compared the DRC and PDP models. PDP models suggest reading involves a network of interconnected processing units.

  • DRC Model (Dual-Route Cascaded): A non-connectionist model, considered superior for simulating acquired and developmental dyslexia.

  • Regularity Effect: Irregular words are read slower than regular words due to conflict at the phoneme level.

  • Frequency Effects: High-frequency words are accessed faster in the mental lexicon, leading to faster reading times.

  • Forster & Chambers (1973): Naming time is closely related to lexical decision time. Lexical search is involved in the naming process. Pronunciation can be determined more rapidly by a dictionary lookup than by applying grapheme-phoneme rules.

  • Rayner (2010): Challenged the phonemic recoding hypothesis, showing lexical search does not necessitate prior naming.

  • Phonological Dyslexia: Difficulty with novel words/non-words, attributed to damage in the non-lexical route (DRC) or orthography-to-phonology connections (triangle models).

  • Surface Dyslexia: Difficulty with irregular words, attributed to damage in the lexical route (DRC) or overly specialized orthography-to-phonology connections (triangle models).

  • Reading Definition: Information processing involving transforming print to speech and/or print to meaning. Both pathways are active, but one may be focused on depending on the task.

  • Computational Models in Cognitive Science: Computer programs simulate how humans read single words.

  • Acquired Dyslexia: Partial or complete loss of reading ability after a brain lesion.

  • The Normal Reader: At least two procedures (letter-by-letter, and whole-word) fulfill the transformation of print to speech.

  • How to Achieve pronunciation from written input: Studying reading skills in the 1970s established two common methods: (1) using grapheme-phoneme rules to compute pronunciation (2) using direct dictionary lookup in a long-term memory store.

  • The Dual-Route Cascaded (DRC) Model: A model illustrating how the brain can process words via two routes:

  • Non-lexical Route: Applies grapho-phonological conversion to convert letters into sounds. Uses rules to associate written graphemes to oral phonemes, and can process regular and novel words.

  • Lexical Route: Accesses a representation of the word's orthographic form in the lexicon to retrieve their meaning and pronunciation.

  • Phonological Output Lexicon: The memory of how words sound. The lexical route uses this for regular and irregular words, but not novel ones.

  • Excitatory & Inhibitory Connections: Both routes use these connections to activate related representations and suppress incompatible ones.

  • Feedback Influence: Occurs during reading when a word in the input lexicon activates related letter units. Activation can further activate other letters or inhibit them.

  • Retroactive Feedback and memory can influence perception.

  • Lexical Route Activation for Non-words: Lexical route activates meanings for similar words (e.g., SARE vs. CARE), even for made-up words. Similarity to real words can lead to false recognitions, and the use of exception words to pronounce new/unusual words.

  • Time Pressure on Reading: Dual routes work independently unless under time pressure, resulting in errors.

  • Language Transparency: Transparent languages (e.g., Dutch, Spanish) have consistent letter-sound correspondences. Opaque languages (e.g., English, French, German), have less consistent correspondences correlating to higher occurrences of developmental dyslexia.

  • Word Frequency on Reading Speed: High-frequency words are read faster than low-frequency words.

  • Non-words Difficulty in Reading: Non-words with similar orthographic neighbourhoods are read faster. Non-words that sound like existing words are read faster. Words with more letters take longer to pronounce.

  • Key Questions in Cognitive Neuroscience: Explore the reduction of mental phenomena to brain processes. Functional localisation; mapping cognitive operations to specific brain regions. Defining the cognitive ontology - basic building blocks. Understanding the connections between regions.

  • Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience (Activation & Deactivation Methods): Investigating brain activity during cognitive tasks; comparing cognitive functions. Includes fMRI (spatial resolution), EEG (temporal resolution), TMS (virtual lesions), Neuropsychology (lesion-deficit mapping), Monkey studies.

  • Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Functions: Control actions, inhibition of incorrect responses.

  • Emotion: Explore the generation of emotions, their roles in learning, and decision making.

  • Stroke: Fatty deposits can restrict blood flow to the brain, and related effects on neural activity.

  • Brain Processes and fMRI: fMRI measures blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals, serving as a proxy for neural activity. Measures magnetic properties of oxygenated blood and have high spatial resolution. Important to note that BOLD signals are correlations and not direct measure of neural activity.

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Week 1: Computational Models of Reading and Acquired Dyslexia PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the science of reading and its various models, including the DRC model and the triangle model. This quiz covers key aspects of dyslexia and the cognitive processes involved in reading. Challenge yourself with questions on phonological dyslexia, reading speed, and computational models.

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