Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary therapy for symptomatic amebiasis?
What is the primary therapy for symptomatic amebiasis?
What is the most common climate for Giardia lamblia to occur?
What is the most common climate for Giardia lamblia to occur?
What is the percentage of patients who experience weight loss in Giardiasis?
What is the percentage of patients who experience weight loss in Giardiasis?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Giardiasis?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Giardiasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of educating known carriers in Amebiasis control?
What is the purpose of educating known carriers in Amebiasis control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary source of Giardia contamination?
What is the primary source of Giardia contamination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the morbidity rate of Giardiasis?
What is the morbidity rate of Giardiasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom of Giardiasis?
What is a common symptom of Giardiasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of chronic Giardiasis in immunodeficient individuals?
What is the consequence of chronic Giardiasis in immunodeficient individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a possible outcome of Giardiasis infection in children?
What is a possible outcome of Giardiasis infection in children?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Dysentery
- Caused by bacteria Shigella, resulting in shigellosis
- Can also be caused by other bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms
- Bacillary dysentery is characterized by severe diarrhea containing blood or mucus
- Caused by gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile rods of the genus Shigella
Shigellosis
- Estimated 150 million illnesses and 14,000 deaths worldwide
- Endemic in tropical and temperate climates
- S. dysenteriae type 1 causes the most severe disease and largest outbreaks
- Other species include S. Flexneri, S. Sonnei, and S. Boydii
- Most important cause of acute bloody diarrhea
Susceptibility and Transmission
- Immunity after infection is short and unsteady, with no cross-immunity
- High-risk groups include:
- Children under 5 years
- Severely malnourished patients
- Elderly over 50 years
- Period of communicability: during acute infection and until the infectious agent is no longer present in feces (usually within 4 weeks)
Pathogenesis of Shigella
- Two-stage disease:
- Early stage: watery diarrhea and fever due to enterotoxic activity of Shiga toxin
- Second stage: adherence to and tissue invasion of the large intestine, resulting in bloody diarrhea and mucosal ulcerations
Laboratory Findings and Treatment
- Blood picture: increased total WBC count and neutrophils
- Stool examination: direct microscopic exam, WBC, RBC, and pus cells
- Bacteria culture: Shigella species
- Treatment: rest, fluids, and antimicrobials for severe cases; hospitalization for severely ill or malnourished patients
Amoebiasis
- Caused by the intestinal protozoan Entamoeba histolytica
- Geographic distribution: worldwide, with higher incidence in developing countries
- Risk groups: male homosexuals, travelers, recent immigrants, and institutionalized populations
- Incubation period: 2-4 weeks
- Period of communicability: while E. histolytica cysts are excreted (may continue for years)
Complications of Amoebiasis
- Severe ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces
- Invasion of soft tissues, most commonly the liver
- Formation of masses (amoebomas) leading to intestinal obstruction
- Local complications: pericolic and pericaecal abscess, pyogenic liver abscess, and subdiaphragmatic abscess
- Pulmonary amoebiasis: lung abscess, pulmono-pleural fistula, and empyema
- Brain abscess and amoebic meningoencephalitis
Diagnosis and Prevention of Amoebiasis
- Diagnosis: stool examination, blood tests, proctosigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
- Prevention:
- Sanitary disposal of human feces
- Safe water supply
- Proper chlorination of water supply
- Education on personal hygiene
- Health supervision of food handlers
- Flies control
- Washing vegetables to remove cysts
- Cysts can be killed by desiccation and high temperatures
Treatment of Amoebiasis
- Primary therapy: hydration and metronidazole and/or tinidazole
Giardiasis
- Caused by the protozoal parasite Giardia intestinalis
- Found in humans, domestic animals, and wild animals
- Occurs worldwide, especially in warm climates
- Morbidity rate up to 20%
- Infections often resolve spontaneously, but chronic infections can occur
- Can be spread through:
- Contaminated food or water
- Close contact with infected individuals
- Traveling to areas with poor sanitation
- Exposure to contaminated surfaces
- Animal contact or environments contaminated with feces
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the causes of dysentery, including bacterial and parasitic infections, as well as the different types of dysentery such as shigellosis and amoebic dysentery.
