Dynamic Study Module Chapter 20 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What type of immunodeficiency is genetic or developmental in nature?

Primary immunodeficiencies

What is the most common type of hypersensitivity disorder?

Type I hypersensitivity

What are TH cells required for?

Proper functioning of innate and adaptive immune responses

Blood transfusions between incompatible blood types results in __________.

Type II, or antibody-mediated, hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

Plasma cells and memory B cells Signup and view all the answers

Autoimmune diseases are disorders where the immune system fails to distinguish _______ from foreign ones.

Self antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is not associated with the common cold?

Neutrophils enter the area in large numbers and phagocytize bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a determinant for organ compatibility and rejection of transplants?

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules Signup and view all the answers

Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit __________.

A primary immune response Signup and view all the answers

Mucous membranes and tears contain antimicrobial substances such as _____.

IgA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are true of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?

Class I MHC molecules present endogenous antigens Signup and view all the answers

What cells decline in number during the final phase of HIV-1 infection, when an individual is said to have AIDS?

Helper T (TH) cells Signup and view all the answers

What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane?

Perforins Signup and view all the answers

Approximately 75-80% of circulating antibodies in serum are ____.

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells are also known as ____.

CD8 cells Signup and view all the answers

Cells that de-differentiate, lose cell cycle control, and lose their attachment to surrounding cells are known as ______.

cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

_____, cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigens, reside in the blood, lymphoid organs, or other lymphatic tissue.

Naïve T cells Signup and view all the answers

B cells develop and mature in the __________.

bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

A systemic release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators leads to which dramatic reaction?

anaphylactic shock Signup and view all the answers

The reason why some vaccines require booster shots is because they are ______.

inactivated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

The antibody IgE directly triggers _______.

inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Passive immunity provided to newborns through the placenta belongs to the _____ class of immunoglobulins.

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies can bind to viral proteins, animal venoms, and bacterial toxins, rendering them inactive, by a process known as _____.

neutralization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is not a type of hypersensitivity?

Immunodeficiency hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Where are pathogens filtered from lymph?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic organ that protects us from pathogens in our blood is the _____.

spleen Signup and view all the answers

The lymph from the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct empty into the _______________.

subclavian veins Signup and view all the answers

Which lymph trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs?

subclavian trunks Signup and view all the answers

Removal of which lymphoid organ would be most detrimental to immune function in an infant?

thymus Signup and view all the answers

_____ will increase their oxygen consumption when activated, known as respiratory burst.

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic organ contains both red pulp and white pulp?

spleen Signup and view all the answers

The lymphoid organ that is the site of maturation of T-lymphocytes is the ____.

thymus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is not a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense?

Antibody Signup and view all the answers

Which region is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?

right side of the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

Clusters of lymph nodes found under the arms are the ____.

axillary lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Specialized clusters of MALT known as Peyer's patches are found in the ____________.

small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

thymus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is not a function of antibodies?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Cell-mediated immunity responds to _______.

cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

The primary immune response can take up to ____ for the antibody to peak.

7-14 days Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are largely involved in scanning the cells in the body for tumor antigens, a function known as __________.

immune surveillance Signup and view all the answers

MALT is an acronym for _________ in the lymphatic system.

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the __________.

tonsils Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphoid organ is required for the selection of a functional population of T lymphocytes (T cells) for the immune system?

thymus Signup and view all the answers

_____ will inhibit the ability of pathogens to infect other cells.

interferons Signup and view all the answers

Another name for acquired immunity is ____________.

adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

The only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels is the _____

lymph node Signup and view all the answers

Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the __________.

first line of defense Signup and view all the answers

Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as __________.

lymph Signup and view all the answers

The system that contains no organs or tissue of its own but instead consists of proteins and cells located in the blood is known as the __________ system.

immune Signup and view all the answers

What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes?

antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

Specialized lymphatic capillaries known as _____ absorb dietary fats in the small intestine.

lacteals Signup and view all the answers

Pyrogens act on the ______ and disrupt the body's thermostat.

hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third line of defense in order?

surface barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) traps pathogens entering the nasal and oral cavities?

tonsils Signup and view all the answers

The largest lymphatic duct, which runs along the anterior vertebral column, is the ______.

thoracic duct Signup and view all the answers

Lymph from the thoracic cavity is drained by the _____ trunks.

bronchomediastinal Signup and view all the answers

Lymph is most closely related to ___________.

interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is not found in most lymphoid tissues?

Chondrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is not a cytokine involved in innate immunity?

Opsonins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Cold Signup and view all the answers

The deep indents that trap bacteria in the epithelium lining the tonsils are known as _____.

crypts Signup and view all the answers

Chemical signals produced by leukocytes that affect other leukocytes are ____.

interleukins Signup and view all the answers

All immune cells of the lymphatic system originate in the _____.

bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Dead leukocytes, dead tissue cells, and fluid can all accumulate to form ____.

pus Signup and view all the answers

How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur?

3-4 days Signup and view all the answers

The second line of defense consists of responses of the cells and proteins that make up ____________.

innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is most effective in attacking parasitic pathogens such as tapeworms?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic organ that atrophies as we age is the ____.

thymus Signup and view all the answers

All of the following structures are tonsils except:

Hypoglossal tonsil Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following basic functions is not associated with the lymphatic system?

Transport of blood Signup and view all the answers

The cisterna chyli receives lymph drained from the ______________________.

intestinal and lumbar trunks Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary cells of adaptive immunity?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

MALT stands for mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, crucial for protecting mucous membranes from pathogens.
Found in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory passages, and to a lesser extent, in the genitourinary tract.
Key locations of MALT include tonsils, Peyer's patches in the ileum, and the appendix.
Non-MALT lymphatic organs include the liver, kidneys, and spleen.

Thymus and T Lymphocytes

The thymus is essential for developing functional T lymphocytes (T cells) crucial for the immune response.
Unlike other lymphoid organs, the thymus does not trap pathogens; its primary role involves hormone secretion to stimulate T cell maturation.

Interferons and Immune Responses

Interferons are cytokines that impede pathogen infection in host cells, primarily during viral infections.
They activate components of both innate and adaptive immunity, enhancing the immune response through various mechanisms, including stimulating neighboring cells.

Acquired Immunity

Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, provides immunological memory through lymphocyte response to specific antigens.
This immunity is slower in response but becomes dominant after initial exposure and is characterized by memory for rapid future responses.

Lymphatic Vessels and Nodes

The only lymphatic organ equipped with afferent lymphatic vessels is the lymph node.
Lymph nodes filter lymph through structures that trap pathogens and activate immune cells.

Surface Barriers as First Line of Defense

The first line of defense includes cutaneous and mucous membranes, offering a physical barrier to pathogen entry.
Surface barriers are followed by innate immunity responses, and then adaptive immunity as a third defense line.

Lymph Fluid and Composition

Lymph, found in lymphatic vessels, is derived from interstitial fluid and is crucial for returning excess fluid to the circulatory system.
The loss of 2-4 liters of fluid daily necessitates this transport mechanism to maintain blood volume and pressure.

Immune System Overview

The immune system lacks specific organs but involves cells and proteins located in blood and other tissues, collaborating closely with the lymphatic system.
It functions effectively against internal and external threats, exhibiting both innate and acquired responses.

Flow of Lymph from Lower Body

Lymph from the right leg travels through the right lumbar trunk, cisterna chyli, thoracic duct, and drains into the left subclavian vein.

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, display ingested pathogens on their membranes, activating T cells and facilitating an immune response.

Lacteals and Dietary Fats

Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats, allowing fat breakdown products to enter lymphatic circulation.

Pyrogens and Fever Response

Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus, resetting the body's temperature thermostat to facilitate the immune response during infections, often leading to fever symptoms.

Lymphatic Drainage from Thoracic Cavity

Bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from the thoracic cavity, while other trunks serve different parts of the body, highlighting the specificity of lymphatic drainage.

Composition Similarity

Lymph is most similar in composition to interstitial fluid, as it originates from fluid that exits the extracellular space.

Cell Types in Lymphoid Tissues

Lymphoid tissues primarily consist of lymphocytes (B and T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells, whereas chondrocytes, associated with cartilage, are absent in these tissues.### Dendritic Cells and Reticular Cells
Dendritic cells are spiny leukocytes crucial for lymphocyte activation.
Reticular cells produce reticular fibers, a specialized thin type of collagen protein.
Reticular cells are abundant in the spleen and lymph nodes, contributing to their structure.

Cytokines and Innate Immunity

Opsonins, such as the complement protein C3b, enhance phagocytosis but are not cytokines.
Innate immunity responds uniformly to all pathogens and is activated quickly within the first 12 hours post-exposure.
Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, and interleukins play a role in modulating the immune response.

Inflammation Response

Cardinal signs of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling (edema), and pain, excluding cold.
The inflammatory response involves damaged cells releasing mediators and phagocyte activity for tissue cleanup.

Tonsils and Crypts

Deep indents in the tonsils called crypts trap bacteria and debris, often resulting in tonsillitis due to frequent pathogen exposure.

Interleukins

Interleukins (IL), a class of 29 cytokines, facilitate communication between leukocytes and are key in stimulating immune responses.

Immune Cell Origin

All immune cells in the lymphatic system originate from red bone marrow, which produces leukocytes, leading to leukocytosis during responses.

Pus Formation

Pus, a whitish mixture of dead leukocytes, dead tissue cells, and fluid, forms as neutrophils and macrophages digest pathogens.

Leukocytosis Timeline

Occurs 3-4 days after tissue damage due to cytokine activity stimulating leukocyte production in the bone marrow.

Second Line of Defense

The second line of defense is composed of innate immunity cells and proteins which respond quickly to a wide array of pathogens.

Eosinophils and Parasitic Infections

Eosinophils are effective against parasitic pathogens by releasing granule contents to damage and neutralize parasites.

Thymus Functionality with Age

The thymus, largest in childhood, atrophies with age, leading to a significant decrease in T cell production by age 65.

Lymphatic System Functions

The lymphatic system regulates interstitial fluid volume, absorbs dietary fats through lacteals, and provides immune functions by filtering pathogens from lymph.

Cisterna Chyli

This structure receives lymph from the intestinal and lumbar trunks, draining into the thoracic duct which connects to major venous systems.

Adaptive Immunity

Lymphocytes (B and T cells) are pivotal in adaptive immunity, which has the capacity for immunological memory against specific antigens.

Lymph Node Functions

Lymph nodes filter pathogens from lymph through afferent vessels, trapping them in the reticular network, and facilitating immune response.

Spleen and Blood Pathogen Protection

The spleen acts as a major defense organ against pathogens in the blood, filtering through macrophages and dendritic cells.

Lymphatic Ducts Drainage

Lymph from the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts empty into the subclavian veins, facilitating the return to the bloodstream.

Subclavian Trunks

The subclavian trunks are responsible for collecting lymph from the upper limbs, with several lymph trunks draining different body regions.

Thymus and Immune Function

Removal of the thymus severely affects immune functions in infants due to its critical role in T cell production during early life.### Immune System Components and Functions
Neutrophils play a crucial role in innate immunity through respiratory burst, escalating oxygen consumption to produce chemicals like hydrogen peroxide that kill pathogens.
Natural Killer (NK) cells enhance immune response by recognizing and destroying abnormal or infected cells, and they release cytokines to activate macrophages.
Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) specialize in targeting and eliminating invaded or cancerous cells through recognition of antigens presented on class I MHC molecules.
Basophils, a rare type of granulocyte, mediate inflammation and are primarily found in the blood; mast cells are their related counterpart in mucous membranes.

Lymphatic System and Organs

The spleen contains both red pulp, which clears old erythrocytes, and white pulp, which filters pathogens and contains leukocytes.
The thymus is essential for T-lymphocyte maturation, enabling them to effectively respond to pathogens by generating functional T cell populations.
Clusters of lymph nodes, including axillary lymph nodes under arms, serve as filters to trap pathogens and limit their spread throughout the body.
Peyer's patches, specialized clusters of MALT, are located in the small intestine's ileum, playing a crucial role in gut immunity.

Immune Responses and Antibody Functions

Antibodies are not considered surface barriers; surface barriers like skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens.
The primary immune response peaks after 7-14 days, while the secondary immune response is more rapid, peaking within 3-5 days due to the presence of memory cells.
Antibody functions include agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, and complement activation, without functioning directly in phagocytosis.

HIV and Immune Surveillance

HIV specifically targets Helper T (TH) cells due to their CD4 molecules, leading to the decline of these cells in AIDS, which drastically impairs the immune response.
Immune surveillance by T cells and NK cells is crucial for detecting and eliminating tumor cells, thereby preventing cancer development.

Antibody Types and Functions

IgG constitutes 75-80% of circulating antibodies, is pivotal in fetal immunity, and provides long-term protection.
IgA, primarily found in mucosal areas and secretions, plays a vital protective role in mucosal immunity.
IgM is the largest antibody and is the first to respond to initial infections.

Cancer Cell Characteristics

Cancer cells result from mutations leading to loss of differentiation, cell cycle control, and adherence to surrounding tissues, allowing for uncontrolled growth and potential metastasis.

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Test your knowledge with flashcards from Chapter 20 of the Dynamic Study Module. This quiz covers crucial concepts related to the lymphatic system, including MALT and its significance in protecting mucosal membranes. It’s designed to enhance your understanding and retention of important terms.