lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

Who proposed the germ theory of disease?

  • Ignaz Semmelweis
  • Joseph Lister
  • Louis Pasteur (correct)
  • Robert Koch

    • What does the germ theory of disease state?

  • Bacteria cause all diseases
  • Microorganisms can cause disease (correct)
  • Viruses are the only cause of diseases
  • Diseases are not caused by microorganisms

    • Why were some doctors offended by Ignaz Semmelweis' suggestions?

  • They disagreed with his findings
  • They didn't believe in germs causing diseases
  • They didn't want to change their practices (correct)
  • They didn't trust Semmelweis

    • How did Joseph Lister reduce post-operative infections?

    <p>By using dilute carbolic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of aseptic surgery?

    <p>Joseph Lister (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did virology emerge after bacteriology?

    <p>Due to the small size of viruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ignaz Semmelweis propose to reduce postpartum mortality rate?

    <p>Hand washing with chlorinated lime solutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did scientists use to remove bacteria from water in the early days of virology?

    <p>Porcelain filters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ignaz Semmelweis find a connection between?

    <p>Staff hygiene and childbed fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance did Joseph Lister use on bandages and instruments to reduce infections?

    <p>Carbolic acid (phenol) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who noticed that a person scarred by smallpox would not get the disease again?

    <p>Ancient Chinese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involved grinding dried scabs from people recovering from smallpox into a powder that was then sniffed?

    <p>Variolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Ancient Chinese introduce variolation in Europe?

    <p>By using a thread soaked in smallpox vesicle fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Edward Jenner observe about milkmaids and smallpox?

    <p>Milkmaids were immune to smallpox (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Edward Jenner demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination?

    <p>By administering a vaccine to an 8-year-old child (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Elie Metchnikoff name the cells that ingest microbes?

    <p>Phagocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did older scientists initially believe was responsible for immunity?

    <p>non-Cellular substances in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Elie Metchnikoff discover about certain cells in the body?

    <p>They ingested microbes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Latin word for 'cow' that gave rise to the name of the virus causing cowpox and the word vaccine?

    <p>Vaccinia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Edward Jenner inoculate an 8-year-old child with before exposing them to smallpox?

    <p>Cowpox (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did people who underwent variolation acquire a mild case of smallpox?

    <p>To build immunity against subsequent infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with discovering that certain cells in the body would ingest microbes?

    <p>Elie Metchnikoff (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Edward Jenner observe about the relationship between cowpox and smallpox?

    <p>They have similar antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gave rise to the term "vaccine"?

    <p>The Latin name for cow, &quot;vacca&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered that certain dyes stained microorganisms but not animal cells, setting the ground for the concept of 'selective toxicity'?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Paul Ehrlich coin to describe the treatment of diseases using chemicals?

    <p>Chemotherapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who observed that a colony of Penicillium mold prevented the growth of bacteria, leading to the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the chemical used by Paul Ehrlich to treat syphilis?

    <p>Salvarsan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept behind the term 'selective toxicity' in microbiology?

    <p>Destroying specific bacteria without damaging surrounding tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were sulfa drugs developed from?

    <p>Sulfonamide-containing dyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bacteriophages?

    <p>Viruses that attack and kill specific bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there a trend to re-examine bacteriophage therapy in modern times?

    <p>Due to the progressive emergence of antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Paul Ehrlich use to describe a chemical that would destroy specific bacteria without damaging surrounding tissues?

    <p>Magic Bullet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were sulfa drugs developed from?

    <p>Sulfonamide-containing dyes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of converting microorganisms into factories in genetic engineering?

    <p>To produce drugs and other biologically important compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region saw the development of bacteriophage therapy in the 1920s?

    <p>Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bacteriophages primarily known for?

    <p>Attacking and killing specific bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led Paul Ehrlich to search for the 'magic bullet'?

    <p>His discovery of selective toxicity with certain dyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the re-examination of bacteriophage therapy in modern times?

    <p>Progressive emergence of antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the compound light microscope mentioned in the paragraph?

    <p>Bright field microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total magnification of a compound light microscope calculated?

    <p>Multiplying the magnification of ocular and objective lenses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does light travel through the specimen in a compound light microscope with bright field illumination?

    <p>Transmitted directly through the specimen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of a light microscope in terms of resolving objects?

    <p>It cannot resolve objects separated by less than 0.2mm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a light microscope view in terms of cellular structures?

    <p>It can view whole cells and their arrangements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of a light microscope regarding viruses?

    <p>It cannot view viruses at all. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to whole cells and their arrangements, what else can a light microscope view?

    <p>It can view few subcellular structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscope is best for viewing the internal structure of microbes?

    <p>Transmission electron microscope (TEM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specimen thickness required for a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

    <p>70-90nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is applied to the specimen in a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

    <p>Heavy metals (gold or platinum) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the magnification of a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

    <p>20 million times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of view does a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) provide?

    <p>3D view of the exterior of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to coat the specimen in a Scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

    <p>Coated with gold or platinum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EM uses electromagnets instead of?

    <p>Glass lenses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy is used to create images of the surface of a specimen?

    <p>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the Gram stain technique?

    <p>Hans Gram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding iodine in the Gram stain procedure?

    <p>To retain the stain in certain cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical is used for decolorization in the Gram stain procedure?

    <p>EthOH/Acetone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the counter stain Safranine in the Gram stain procedure?

    <p>To add a red color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many groups of microorganisms does the Gram stain technique distinguish?

    <p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Gram stain distinguish between?

    <p>G+ve, G-ve, gram non-reactive m.o, variable Gram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might microorganisms become Gram variable as they age?

    <p>Due to changes in the cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

    <p>To detect Mycobacteria (TB, leprosy) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for acid-fast bacteria retaining the red color in Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

    <p>Presence of lipid content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical is used for decolorization in the Ziehl-Neelsen stain procedure?

    <p>HCl in Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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