lecture 3

Who proposed the germ theory of disease?

What does the germ theory of disease state?

Why were some doctors offended by Ignaz Semmelweis' suggestions?

How did Joseph Lister reduce post-operative infections?

Who is considered the father of aseptic surgery?

Why did virology emerge after bacteriology?

What did Ignaz Semmelweis propose to reduce postpartum mortality rate?

What did scientists use to remove bacteria from water in the early days of virology?

What did Ignaz Semmelweis find a connection between?

What substance did Joseph Lister use on bandages and instruments to reduce infections?

Who noticed that a person scarred by smallpox would not get the disease again?

What technique involved grinding dried scabs from people recovering from smallpox into a powder that was then sniffed?

How did the Ancient Chinese introduce variolation in Europe?

What did Edward Jenner observe about milkmaids and smallpox?

How did Edward Jenner demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination?

What did Elie Metchnikoff name the cells that ingest microbes?

What did older scientists initially believe was responsible for immunity?

What did Elie Metchnikoff discover about certain cells in the body?

What is the Latin word for 'cow' that gave rise to the name of the virus causing cowpox and the word vaccine?

What did Edward Jenner inoculate an 8-year-old child with before exposing them to smallpox?

Why did people who underwent variolation acquire a mild case of smallpox?

Which scientist is credited with discovering that certain cells in the body would ingest microbes?

What did Edward Jenner observe about the relationship between cowpox and smallpox?

What gave rise to the term "vaccine"?

Who discovered that certain dyes stained microorganisms but not animal cells, setting the ground for the concept of 'selective toxicity'?

What term did Paul Ehrlich coin to describe the treatment of diseases using chemicals?

Who observed that a colony of Penicillium mold prevented the growth of bacteria, leading to the discovery of penicillin?

What was the chemical used by Paul Ehrlich to treat syphilis?

What is the main concept behind the term 'selective toxicity' in microbiology?

What were sulfa drugs developed from?

What are bacteriophages?

Why is there a trend to re-examine bacteriophage therapy in modern times?

What term did Paul Ehrlich use to describe a chemical that would destroy specific bacteria without damaging surrounding tissues?

What were sulfa drugs developed from?

What is the primary purpose of converting microorganisms into factories in genetic engineering?

Which region saw the development of bacteriophage therapy in the 1920s?

What are bacteriophages primarily known for?

What led Paul Ehrlich to search for the 'magic bullet'?

What is the reason for the re-examination of bacteriophage therapy in modern times?

What is another name for the compound light microscope mentioned in the paragraph?

How is the total magnification of a compound light microscope calculated?

How does light travel through the specimen in a compound light microscope with bright field illumination?

What is the limitation of a light microscope in terms of resolving objects?

What can a light microscope view in terms of cellular structures?

What is a limitation of a light microscope regarding viruses?

In addition to whole cells and their arrangements, what else can a light microscope view?

Which type of microscope is best for viewing the internal structure of microbes?

What is the specimen thickness required for a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

What treatment is applied to the specimen in a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

What is the magnification of a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

What type of view does a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) provide?

What is used to coat the specimen in a Scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

EM uses electromagnets instead of?

What type of microscopy is used to create images of the surface of a specimen?

Who developed the Gram stain technique?

What is the purpose of adding iodine in the Gram stain procedure?

What chemical is used for decolorization in the Gram stain procedure?

What is the purpose of the counter stain Safranine in the Gram stain procedure?

How many groups of microorganisms does the Gram stain technique distinguish?

What does the Gram stain distinguish between?

Why might microorganisms become Gram variable as they age?

What is the purpose of using Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

What is the reason for acid-fast bacteria retaining the red color in Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

What chemical is used for decolorization in the Ziehl-Neelsen stain procedure?