64 Questions
Who proposed the germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur
What does the germ theory of disease state?
Microorganisms can cause disease
Why were some doctors offended by Ignaz Semmelweis' suggestions?
They didn't want to change their practices
How did Joseph Lister reduce post-operative infections?
By using dilute carbolic acid
Who is considered the father of aseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
Why did virology emerge after bacteriology?
Due to the small size of viruses
What did Ignaz Semmelweis propose to reduce postpartum mortality rate?
Hand washing with chlorinated lime solutions
What did scientists use to remove bacteria from water in the early days of virology?
Porcelain filters
What did Ignaz Semmelweis find a connection between?
Staff hygiene and childbed fever
What substance did Joseph Lister use on bandages and instruments to reduce infections?
Carbolic acid (phenol)
Who noticed that a person scarred by smallpox would not get the disease again?
Ancient Chinese
What technique involved grinding dried scabs from people recovering from smallpox into a powder that was then sniffed?
Variolation
How did the Ancient Chinese introduce variolation in Europe?
By using a thread soaked in smallpox vesicle fluid
What did Edward Jenner observe about milkmaids and smallpox?
Milkmaids were immune to smallpox
How did Edward Jenner demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination?
By administering a vaccine to an 8-year-old child
What did Elie Metchnikoff name the cells that ingest microbes?
Phagocytes
What did older scientists initially believe was responsible for immunity?
non-Cellular substances in the blood
What did Elie Metchnikoff discover about certain cells in the body?
They ingested microbes
What is the Latin word for 'cow' that gave rise to the name of the virus causing cowpox and the word vaccine?
Vaccinia
What did Edward Jenner inoculate an 8-year-old child with before exposing them to smallpox?
Cowpox
Why did people who underwent variolation acquire a mild case of smallpox?
To build immunity against subsequent infection
Which scientist is credited with discovering that certain cells in the body would ingest microbes?
Elie Metchnikoff
What did Edward Jenner observe about the relationship between cowpox and smallpox?
They have similar antigens
What gave rise to the term "vaccine"?
The Latin name for cow, "vacca"
Who discovered that certain dyes stained microorganisms but not animal cells, setting the ground for the concept of 'selective toxicity'?
Paul Ehrlich
What term did Paul Ehrlich coin to describe the treatment of diseases using chemicals?
Chemotherapy
Who observed that a colony of Penicillium mold prevented the growth of bacteria, leading to the discovery of penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What was the chemical used by Paul Ehrlich to treat syphilis?
Salvarsan
What is the main concept behind the term 'selective toxicity' in microbiology?
Destroying specific bacteria without damaging surrounding tissues
What were sulfa drugs developed from?
Sulfonamide-containing dyes
What are bacteriophages?
Viruses that attack and kill specific bacteria
Why is there a trend to re-examine bacteriophage therapy in modern times?
Due to the progressive emergence of antibiotic resistance
What term did Paul Ehrlich use to describe a chemical that would destroy specific bacteria without damaging surrounding tissues?
Magic Bullet
What were sulfa drugs developed from?
Sulfonamide-containing dyes
What is the primary purpose of converting microorganisms into factories in genetic engineering?
To produce drugs and other biologically important compounds
Which region saw the development of bacteriophage therapy in the 1920s?
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
What are bacteriophages primarily known for?
Attacking and killing specific bacteria
What led Paul Ehrlich to search for the 'magic bullet'?
His discovery of selective toxicity with certain dyes
What is the reason for the re-examination of bacteriophage therapy in modern times?
Progressive emergence of antibiotic resistance
What is another name for the compound light microscope mentioned in the paragraph?
Bright field microscope
How is the total magnification of a compound light microscope calculated?
Multiplying the magnification of ocular and objective lenses
How does light travel through the specimen in a compound light microscope with bright field illumination?
Transmitted directly through the specimen
What is the limitation of a light microscope in terms of resolving objects?
It cannot resolve objects separated by less than 0.2mm.
What can a light microscope view in terms of cellular structures?
It can view whole cells and their arrangements.
What is a limitation of a light microscope regarding viruses?
It cannot view viruses at all.
In addition to whole cells and their arrangements, what else can a light microscope view?
It can view few subcellular structures.
Which type of microscope is best for viewing the internal structure of microbes?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
What is the specimen thickness required for a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
70-90nm
What treatment is applied to the specimen in a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
Heavy metals (gold or platinum)
What is the magnification of a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
20 million times
What type of view does a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) provide?
3D view of the exterior of the cell
What is used to coat the specimen in a Scanning electron microscope (SEM)?
Coated with gold or platinum
EM uses electromagnets instead of?
Glass lenses
What type of microscopy is used to create images of the surface of a specimen?
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Who developed the Gram stain technique?
Hans Gram
What is the purpose of adding iodine in the Gram stain procedure?
To retain the stain in certain cells
What chemical is used for decolorization in the Gram stain procedure?
EthOH/Acetone
What is the purpose of the counter stain Safranine in the Gram stain procedure?
To add a red color
How many groups of microorganisms does the Gram stain technique distinguish?
4
What does the Gram stain distinguish between?
G+ve, G-ve, gram non-reactive m.o, variable Gram
Why might microorganisms become Gram variable as they age?
Due to changes in the cell wall
What is the purpose of using Ziehl-Neelsen stain?
To detect Mycobacteria (TB, leprosy)
What is the reason for acid-fast bacteria retaining the red color in Ziehl-Neelsen stain?
Presence of lipid content
What chemical is used for decolorization in the Ziehl-Neelsen stain procedure?
HCl in Ethanol
Test your knowledge of medical history and microbiology with this quiz! Learn about the pioneers of the germ theory of disease, the impact of Ignaz Semmelweis' suggestions, and the developments in reducing post-operative infections. Explore the emergence of virology and its relationship with bacteriology.
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