05.1 Duodenum, Chyme & accesory organ secretions

The first part of the small intestine (~25-30 cm long) where chyme from the stomach is further digested and absorbed.

A pulpy, acidic fluid made of partially digested food mixed with gastric juices. It has a low pH and is hypertonic, requiring neutralization by pancreatic bicarbonate.

A hormone secreted by S cells in the duodenum in response to acidic chyme (pH < 4.5). It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

A hormone secreted by I cells in the duodenum in response to fats and proteins in chyme. It stimulates gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and slows gastric emptying.

A clinical condition occurring after partial gastrectomy, causing rapid emptying of chyme into the duodenum leading to osmotic diarrhea and dehydration.

Solid masses formed in the gallbladder, primarily composed of cholesterol.

The inability to digest and absorb fats efficiently, leading to fatty stools.

The process of breaking down and absorbing fats in the small intestine. It involves the action of bile salts from the liver and gallbladder, and enzymes from the pancreas.

A surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder.

A yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, often caused by a blockage of bile duct, which prevents bile from reaching the intestines.

The process of breaking down fat in the digestive system. Involves bile salts emulsifying fat globules into smaller particles, making them easier to be broken down by lipase.

The main component of bile, produced by the liver. Essential for fat digestion by emulsifying lipids.

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas that help digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They include amylase, lipase, and proteases.

A procedure that uses an endoscope to visualize the bile ducts and pancreas. It helps to diagnose and treat conditions like gallstones and pancreatitis.