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Questions and Answers

Which factor does NOT primarily drive globalization, as described?

  • Geographic proximity (correct)
  • International trade
  • Information technology
  • Cultural exchange

A South Korean individual adopts some Filipino customs after living in the Philippines. According to the content, this is an example of what aspect of globalization?

  • Cultural assimilation on a personal level (correct)
  • Technological advancement
  • Economic interdependence
  • Political negotiation

In the provided scenario, what is the MOST significant outcome when the South Korean individual's colleagues adopt some of her adopted Filipino customs?

  • The spread of cultural practices and integration of worldviews. (correct)
  • A disruption in the global supply chain.
  • Increased political tensions between South Korea and the Philippines.
  • A decrease in the demand for Korean products.

What is the MOST encompassing effect of globalization, as suggested in the content?

<p>The integration of various aspects including languages, ideas, technologies and worldviews. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important question to consider for productive cross-cultural interaction?

<p>How was your interaction with them; was it respectful? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the examples provided, how does globalization affect individual cultures?

<p>It allows individuals to selectively adopt and integrate aspects of other cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could the 사례 (example) of the South Korean individual be applied to a broader understanding of globalization's impact?

<p>It illustrates how individuals can act as agents of globalization by integrating foreign cultural elements into their lives and communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where a company in Japan outsources its customer service operations to a call center in India. What aspect of globalization does this BEST represent?

<p>Economic interdependence and global division of labor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of instrumental culture within the context of globalization?

<p>The Philippine government adopting a social welfare program modeled after successful European initiatives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country heavily relies on another nation for military support and political guidance to maintain its sovereignty. What type of relationship does this scenario exemplify?

<p>Dependence, where one nation relies significantly on the other for its stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the flow of expressive culture contribute to cultural changes within a society undergoing globalization?

<p>It leads to cultural hybridization through the consumption and integration of foreign cultural products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A developing country models its educational system closely after that of a developed nation, but later experiences similar problems and difficulties. What does this situation primarily demonstrate?

<p>The potential drawbacks of blindly adopting instrumental culture from other nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT identified as a primary driver for the expanded flow of people among societies in the context of globalization?

<p>Technological advancements in communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of the expanded flow of expressive culture on a local entertainment industry?

<p>Greater opportunities for local artists to collaborate with international creators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If remittances from Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) significantly contribute to the Philippine economy, what does this indicate about the country's relationship with globalization?

<p>The Philippines' economic stability is heavily dependent on global labor migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globalization as described leads to:

<p>an increase in the gap between rich and poor nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver behind socio-economic migration for Filipino Overseas Workers (OFWs)?

<p>Lack of economic opportunities within the Philippines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes 'cultural literacy', as defined by Hirsch (1983)?

<p>The ability to understand and participate in a culture's signs, symbols, activities, and customs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what would be the PRIMARY motivation for someone leaving their country due to 'political expulsion'?

<p>To escape an unfavorable political environment and seek asylum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tourism considered an indicator of economic development in the Philippines?

<p>It shows an increased ability of Filipinos to afford leisure travel abroad. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the scope of cultural literacy?

<p>Cultural literacy encompasses understanding various cultures beyond just national ones, such as workplace or school cultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) in the Philippines concerning cultural literacy?

<p>To document, preserve, and disseminate Philippine culture through programs like PCEP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does globalization impact the need for developing new cultural literacies among Filipinos?

<p>Globalization increases travel and interaction with different cultures, creating a need for new cultural literacies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Philippine Cultural Education Program (PCEP) developed by the NCCA, has what primary objective?

<p>To create a nation of culturally literate and empowered Filipinos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge, according to De Leon, in fostering a stronger sense of Filipino identity and cultural pride?

<p>Implementing a program of education to dismantle negative self-perceptions absorbed over generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does multicultural literacy in a European context primarily differ from its American counterpart?

<p>It centers on developing intercultural communication competence rather than addressing white-dominant traditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most indicative of a lack of multicultural literacy, as defined in the provided content?

<p>An individual who assumes their own cultural norms are superior and judges others based on those norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the presented definition, what is the primary goal of multicultural literacy?

<p>To ensure clear, productive, and respectful communication across different cultures, celebrating their differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best exemplifies the application of multicultural literacy, as it is defined?

<p>A student adapting their communication style to effectively collaborate with classmates from different backgrounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content imply about the term 'different culture' in the context of multicultural literacy?

<p>It can encompass a wide range of differences, including gender, economic background, and even sense of fashion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would most likely contribute to deconstructing negative self-images among Filipinos, as suggested in the content?

<p>Implementing educational programs that emphasize Filipino achievements, values, and cultural potentials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Filipino company is expanding its operations to Europe. How could they apply the principles of multicultural literacy?

<p>By offering language training and cultural sensitivity programs to employees to facilitate effective communication with European colleagues and clients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of multicultural literacy, beyond just possessing language skills?

<p>Possessing perspectives, attitudes, and beliefs about other cultures that influence communication and its underlying motives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the resource, what is the FIRST step teachers should take to teach their students about discrimination and prejudice?

<p>Identifying and confronting patterns of discrimination and prejudice in their own lives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A teacher tells their students to be more empathetic towards those who are different from them. According to the resource, what is the MOST effective way for the teacher to reinforce this message?

<p>Modeling empathy and compassion in their day-to-day interactions with students and others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new student from a different cultural background joins a class. Which action by the teacher would BEST demonstrate multicultural literacy?

<p>Integrating aspects of the student's culture into the curriculum while ensuring respectful and accurate representation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do core values relate to multicultural literacy?

<p>Core values determine behavior, particularly when unobserved, reflecting genuine multicultural literacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST significant barrier to achieving multicultural literacy in a diverse classroom?

<p>Conflicting nationalistic and regionalistic sentiments among students. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a teacher respond to a student expressing prejudiced views in class to foster multicultural literacy?

<p>Using the moment as a teachable opportunity to explore the roots and impact of such views respectfully. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes 'globalization' based on the wrap-up content?

<p>Interaction and integration driven by trade, investment, and technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cultural literacy?

<p>Knowledge and understanding of a culture's life, enabling fluent participation in its activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of multicultural literacy?

<p>To facilitate clear, productive, and respectful communication across different cultures, celebrating their differences without demeaning them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the MOST important element of multicultural literacy?

<p>Selflessness; recognizing the value in cultures different from one's own. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of multicultural literacy, what does 'acceptance that there are limits' primarily refer to?

<p>Recognizing that universal friendship with everyone is not always possible or practical. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor presents a significant issue in teaching and learning multicultural literacy in the Philippines?

<p>The nationalistic/regionalistic pushback that can hinder the acceptance of diverse cultural perspectives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globalization is primarily driven by what?

<p>International trade and investment, supported by information technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does multicultural literacy relate to the idea of globalization?

<p>It provides the necessary skills to navigate and appreciate diverse cultures in an increasingly interconnected world. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a practical application of multicultural literacy in a globalized world?

<p>Developing inclusive marketing campaigns that resonate with diverse consumer groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Globalization

Interaction and integration between people, businesses, governments, and cultures globally.

Drivers of Globalization

International trade, investment, and information technology.

Cultural Integration

Adopting aspects of another culture.

Elements Integrated by Globalization

Languages, customs, cuisine, fashion, entertainment, education, technology, manufacturing.

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Positive Intercultural Attitude

Treating them with respect and valuing their differences.

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Cultural Exchange

The mixing of traits between cultures due to contact.

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Individual Cultural Shift

Changing personal habits and views after exposure to another culture.

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Celebrating Cultural Differences

Noticing and appreciating cultural distinctions.

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Socio-economic Migration

Migration driven by the search for improved economic prospects and opportunities.

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Political Expulsion

Forced migration to escape a country's political climate, seeking asylum in a more favorable nation.

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Tourism

Traveling for leisure, indicating economic development and fueled by curiosity and globalization.

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Cultural Literacy

The ability to understand and actively participate in a culture's signs, symbols, activities, and customs.

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Culture

Culture-specific; understanding the signs and symbols of a culture, including both formal and informal languages.

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Cultural Literacy Scope

Not limited to national cultures, applies to workplaces and schools.

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NCCA

The government body in the Philippines responsible for preserving and promoting Philippine culture.

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Philippine Cultural Education Program (PCEP)

A program that envisions a nation of culturally literate and empowered Filipinos.

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"Rich get richer, poor get poorer"

The cycle where wealth accumulates for those who already have resources, while poverty deepens for those with little to start with.

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Political/Military Dependence

One country relies on another for political and military support to maintain its sovereignty.

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Expressive Culture

How a culture expresses itself through means such as language, music and the arts.

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Monetization of Culture

The commercial exchange of cultural products (like music, art) between different cultures.

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Instrumental Culture

Shared concepts of social structure, national identity, and policies.

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Educational System Influence

The spread of instrumental culture can be observed in educational systems, as many countries use similar models and follow global academic trends.

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Flow of People

People moving from one country to another for work, safety, or travel.

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Remittances

Money sent home by workers in another country.

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Filipino Self-Esteem

Filipinos sometimes doubt their capacity for achievement and overly depend on foreign goods.

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De Leon's Challenge

Rebuilding positive self-perception through education focused on Filipino dignity, values, and potential.

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Multicultural Literacy

Skills and knowledge that vary based on context, such as American vs. European approaches.

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American Multicultural Literacy

Focuses on equality, diversity, and social justice.

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European Multicultural Literacy

Emphasizes the ability to communicate effectively across different languages and cultures.

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Multicultural Literacy (Defined)

Knowledge and skills for clear, productive, and respectful communication across cultures.

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Goal of Multicultural Literacy

To guarantee that communication with other cultures is clear, productive, and respectful.

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"Different Culture"

Includes differences in gender, economics, religion, orientation, or even fashion.

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Selflessness in Multiculturalism

Willingness to set aside one's own interests for the sake of understanding and connecting with others.

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Value in Diversity

Acknowledging that valuable ideas and practices can be found in cultures different from one's own.

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Willingness to Compromise

A readiness to find common ground and make concessions when interacting with other cultures.

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Accepting Limits

Recognizing that there are boundaries to what can be achieved in intercultural interactions.

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Confronting Discrimination

The ability to recognize and challenge discriminatory patterns and biases within oneself and one's own culture.

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Modeling Empathy

Demonstrating empathy, compassion, and understanding toward individuals from different backgrounds.

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Skills for Multicultural Literacy

Selflessness, knowledge, compromise, acceptance, and understanding limits with others.

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Issues in Multicultural Literacy (Philippines)

Nationalistic pushback, persistence of problems, and questions of value.

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Globalization drivers

Driven by trade, investment, and supported by tech.

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Study Notes

  • Instructor: John Paul D. Gatchalian, LPT, MAED
  • Course: Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the Curriculum (BENL 211)

Objectives

  • Understand “globalization” and its significance in education.
  • Identify and explain globalization models.
  • Discuss the relationship between multilingualism and global migration.

Globalization

  • Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, businesses, governments, and cultures from different nations.
  • Driven by international trade and investment
  • Supported by information technology (Levin Institute, 2017).
  • It includes languages, fashion, recipes, entertainment, education, technology, manufacturing, business practices, and worldviews.
  • Happens rapidly with overall scope, and effects on the lives of ordinary people
  • Knowledge from all is shared and used at unprecedented rates

Effects of Globalization

  • The effects are multi-dimensional, ranging from economic to cultural
  • Economic, political, and military dependence and interdependence between nations.
  • Increased movement of people among societies.
  • Mutual dependence of expressive culture among nations.
  • Increased influence of instrumental culture worldwide.
  • In the Philippines, globalization was initially understood as a mainly economic phenomenon in the early 90s.
  • Early concerns included foreign-owned businesses overpowering local industries.
  • Globalization has brought economic development via Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
  • FDIs bring new technologies, employment opportunities, and money into the country.
  • Globalization has negative effects
  • Foreign capital dependence increases income inequality
  • It creates a small, highly paid class of elites to manage these investments, who create many but usually low-pay jobs
  • Profits from these investments are repatriated, rather than invested in the host country, therefore inhibiting domestic capital formation -Foreign capital penetration tends to concentrate land ownership among the very rich
  • Host countries tend to create political and economic climates favorable to foreign capital that in turn limit domestic labor's ability to obtain better wages
  • A survey found that the majority of Filipinos believe that the United States would intervene on behalf of the country in case of war (Viray, 2018).
  • Expressive culture involves how a particular culture expresses itself in its language, music, arts, and the like.
  • Globalization encourages the monetization of cultural artifacts and increasing consumption of artifacts; the increased consumption which changes the consuming culture.
  • Instrumental culture refers to "common models of social order" (Meyer, 2000) like national identity, nation-state policies, socio-economic development, human rights, education, and social progress.
  • The Philippine educational system is patterned after the American educational system.
  • The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) estimated 2.3 million Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) from April to September 2017, who contributed ₱205.2 billion in remittances (PSA, 2018).
  • There are 3 reasons for this trend: socio-economic migration, political expulsion, and travel/tourism. -Socio-economic migration is the OFW phenomenon
  • Political expulsion is the act of escaping undesirable political climate -Travel is a strong indicator of economic development

Cultural Literacy

  • Cultural literacy, coined by Hirsch (1983), is the ability to understand the signs and symbols of a given culture and participate in its activities and customs.
  • Signs and symbols include formal and informal languages
  • Signs and symbols include idioms and forms of expression, entertainment, values, customs, roles, and traditions.
  • Cultural literacy is culture-specific
  • Differs from national cultures, workplaces, and schools.
  • Filipinos traveling abroad need to develop new cultural literacies.
  • The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) is the government body handling the Philippine culture.
  • Philippine Cultural Education Program (PCEP) "envisions a nation of culturally literate and empowered Filipinos" (NCCA, 2015).

Challenges in the Philippines

  • Citizens are ignorant of other Philippine cultures.
  • Low self-esteem and belief of inferiority in their own culture.
  • Dependence on foreign goods, concepts, techniques, and expertise.
  • Deconstruction of negative self images through education is needed.

Multicultural Literacy

  • Multicultural literacy as a set of skills and knowledge changes depending on the context.
  • In the American context, it focuses on equality, diversity, and social justice.
  • In the European context, it’s about intercultural communication competence, skills, abilities, attitudes and personality patterns.
  • Multicultural literacy is the knowledge and skills necessary to ensure that any communication with a culture is clear, productive, and respectful.
  • "A different culture" includes gender, economic background, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or sense of fashion.

Becoming Multi-Culturally Literate

  • Requires perspectives, attitudes, and beliefs about other cultures that affect our communication.
  • Be selfless.
  • Recognize that good things can come from different cultures.
  • Be willing to compromise.
  • Accept limitations

Issues in Teaching and Learning Multicultural Literacy

  • Conflicting requirements for peace.
  • Nationalistic and regionalistic pushback.
  • The persistence of the problem.
  • The question of value.
  • It is important to identify and confront discrimination and prejudice within one's own culture
  • Educators must model empathy and compassion.

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