Dry Matter experiment

Lesson 1: Dry Matter

• Grind green, red, and white bean samples to a particle size of approximately 0.75 mm.
• A desiccator has to be prepared, drying the desiccant at 70°C and then quickly putting it into the bottle.
• Dry the ceramic cup at 70°C to constant mass and then record the mass to be known as the VCK cup

Performing the experiment

• Weigh 3-5 g of bean powder sample into a porcelain cup (m2).
• Dry the sample at 70°C to constant mass.
• Reweigh the porcelain cup containing the dried sample (m3).
• Calculate dry matter mass: m4 = m3 - cup DM.
• Determine the percentage of dry matter.

Types of Reactions

• Evaporation of water occurs when the sample dries which is a physical process .
• Mild thermal decomposition occurs if the temperature exceeds 70°C and is a chemical process.

Determining the End of Reaction

• Original bean powder color is green, red, or white.
• After drying, samples may appear paler or slightly darker due to dehydration.
• Final determination is when the mass remains constant after consecutive weighings, with a difference of ≤ 0.001 g.
• Use bean sample, ceramic cup, and temperature without any additives to remove water.

Colorants & Products

• Fresh bean powder turns into a dry bean powder that is lighter than original.
• Water in the sample turns into colorless steam.

Lesson 2: Carbohydrates - Starch Reaction with Iodine

• Key reaction between starch and iodine solution, results a blue-black color.
• Prepare 5 mL of 1% starch solution in a test tube.
• Add 2 drops of iodine solution to the test tube.
• Observe the color change.
• Heat the solution for about 5 minutes and continue observing.
• Cool the solution and observe further.

Color Changes with Iodine

• The mixture turns blue-black when iodine solution is added to starch paste, which proves the presence of starch.
• The blue-black color disappears after heating due to the broken starch structure.
• The blue-black color may reappear when cooled because of starch restructuring.

Creating experiment for Iodine

• Add 5 mL of starch solution to the test tube.
• Add 2 drops of iodine solution to the test tube.
• Note down the initial color.
• Heat the test tube for about 5 minutes.
• Remove the test tube, allow it to cool, and then note down the color again.

Observing Reactant Color

• The product of starch paste (colorless/opaque white) + iodine (brown) is a blue black mixture.
• Blue black color disappears with heat, and the solution becomes colorless.
• The blue-black color may reappear when cooled.

Starch Properties

• 1% starch solution is added to a test tube.
• Add Fehling's solution (A and B in a 1:1 ratio).
• Heat in a water bath for approximately 3 minutes.
• Then you want to observe and create conclusions.

Fehling's Solution

• Fehling's solution will change from blue to brick red due to the formation of Cu₂O precipitate with a reducing agent present.
• Without reducing agents, the solution remains blue.

Mixing steps

• Add starch solution to the test tube.
• Add Fehling solution A and B.
• Heat the test tube in boiling water for about 3 minutes.
• Then observe the color of the solution

Reactants mixed with starch

• Starch solution color is opalescent.
• Fehling's solution (A+B) color is blue.
• The solution stays blue, if there is no reducing after boiling .
• If there is a reducing it precipitates and the color is Brick red precipitate

Starch Hydrolysis Reaction

• Acid hydrolysis of starch is the reaction, it breaks down starch into simpler sugars, like maltose or glucose.
• Add 5 mL of 1% starch solution and, 1 mL of concentrated HCl solution to the test tube then stir well.
• Boil this solution.
• Add a drop of the hydrolyzing solution to a drop of iodine solution on the watch glass plate every minute.
• Observe the color change.
• Keep heating and testing with iodine until the solution no longer changes color.
• Retain the hydrolyzed solution for use in subsequent experiments.

End Color Rule

• Starch paste + iodine results in a blue-black which proves starch is present.
• The blue-black color gradually fades during heating, as the starch breaks down into maltose or glucose.
• Solution is no longer blue-black, so iodine shows that the starch has fully decomposed.

Reaction with Fehling's Reagent

• The reaction that is determined to show the presence of reducing sugars, redox reaction with Fehling's reagent like glucose or maltose.
• Add 2 mL of 1% glucose solution to test tube 1.
• Add 2 mL of neutralized hydrolyzed starch solution to test tube 2.
• Add 3 mL of Fehling's reagent (A:B, 1:1 ratio) to both test tubes.
• Heat two test tubes in a water bath until color changes.
• Observe the phenomenon and record the results.

Identifying color and reactions

• If copper ions Cu²⁺ in Fehling's reagent are present the solution, is initially blue.
• The reaction that occurs if it contains reducing sugar (glucose, maltose...) while heating is, ion (blue) → Cu₂O (brick red precipitate).
• The presence of reducing sugar is proven by a brick red precipitate.

Testing tubes sequence

• Add 2 mL of 1% glucose to test tube 1, and 2 mL of neutralized hydrolyzed starch to tube 2.
• Add 3 mL of Fehling's reagent (A:B, ratio 1:1) to both test tubes.
• Heat in a double boiler and observe the color change.

Products by Color

• Glucose + Fehling (blue) results in a Brick red precipitate (Cu₂O).
• Hydrolyzed starch (maltose, glucose) + Fehling results in a Brick red precipitate (Cu₂O).
• Unhydrolyzed starch + Fehling results in no precipitate, solution remains blue.

Hageforn-Jensen Reaction

• Oxidation-reduction reaction is used to determine the glucose concentration by indirect titration method.

Key implementation steps

• Prepare 6 test tubes with glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 mg/mL.
• Add 5 mL glucose solution to each test tube in differing concentration.
• Add 15 mL Na₂CO₃ N/20 and 10 mL potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) N/20. Afterwards boil for 30 minutes, let cool for 15-20 minutes.
• Then add 15 mL ZnSO₄.KI N/20 and obseve the color of each test tube (do not stir).

Color Reaction Rules

• The solution looks yellow or light brown, which shows the presence of Fe³⁺ ions from potassium ferricyanide,
• Glucose becomes reduced when Fe³⁺ is reduced to Fe²⁺ during the reaction.
• Solution could get darker, if any glucose is left over
• Solution gets lighter, if the glucose has completely reacted.

Substances and Order

• Prepare test tubes and add Na₂CO₃ to create an alkaline environment.
• Add potassium ferricyanide, which lets the glucose have an oxidation reaction.
• Boil in water bath for 30 minutes.
• Cool for 15-20 minutes and add, ZnSO₄.KI to create an auxiliary reaction.
• Do not stir, then observe.

Reactant Products

• Glucose + K₃[Fe(CN)₆] produces Fe²⁺: varying from green to yellow-brown based on glucose concentration.
• Na₂CO₃ produces a key Alkaline environment.
• ZnSO₄.KI helps produce precipitate or change reaction color

Lipids and Saponification

• Saponification reaction is key the ester hydrolysis reaction found in alkaline environment.
• Prepare 2 triangular flasks:
  • One tube contaning distilled water and KOH is to be consider the control tube
  • The other tube contains oil and KOH to considered real sample
• Heat in a mild water bath for 45 minutes with a condenser to react effectively, and let the solution cool.
• Add 2 mL of distilled water and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein.
• Titrate with 0.5N HCl in alcohol until the pink color disappears.
• Recording the volume of HCl consumed during saponification value.

Reactions colors present

• The solution will be pink when Initially due to the phenolphthalein in alkaline environment.
• The solution will start lose its pink color, when being titrating with HCl .
• Until no pink is present, all excess KOH has been nuetralized.

Order experiment

• Prepare 2 triangle flasks where you correspond ingredients, and then boil in water bath for 45 minutes with condenser for complete reaction
• Add distilled water and phenolphthalein, then cool.
• Finish by titrating with 0.5N HCl until the solution loses its pink color.

Products With Color

• Oil + KOH results in Glycerol + soap salt (colorless).
• Phenolphthalein results in pink in alkaline environment.
• HCI 0.5N results in the neutralize of KOH, therefore removing pink color

Iodine Index & Reactions

• Iodine absorption reaction that deals with double bonds reaction in unsaturated fatty acids.
• Prepare two test tube, Tube 1 must contain distilled water, alcohol, 0.1N iodine and then tube 2 must contain oil, alcohol, and 0.1N iodine
• Let the double bond of iodine react for 30 minutes by Shaking well, then leave in the dark.
• As you titrate with 0.1N Na₂S₂O₃ the solution turns dark yellow.
• Add 1 - 2 drops of 1% starch, and blue will continue until titration with Na₂S₂O₃ until straw yellow color.
• Then record to the the volume of Na₂S₂O₃ to calculate the iodine index.

End and Beginning Reactions

• High levels of iodine can be seen initially, the Dark yellow from the solution will be present
• Yellow color starts fade and excess iodine will be fully reduced when titrating with Na₂S₂O₃
• If you add 1% starch, the solution will turn dark blue if, there is excess iodine
• The very pale straw yellow is a sign the reaction ends

Reactions & Chemicals

• Create test with chemicals corresponding to steps and let 0.1N iodine sit for 30 mintutes while shaking well
• Titrate with 0.1N Na₂S₂O₃ until the the solution turns dark yellow
• After adding 1% starch you will be able to observe color and continue the titration if necesssary
• Once the solution gets to straw yellow the experiment ends

Products With Color

• Oil + Iodine 0.1N, produces iodine binds to double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids.
• Starch 1% produces, a blue color that has excess iodine.
• Na₂S₂O₃ 0.1N reduces excess iodine, from green to straw color.

Vitamins

• Oxidation-reduction reaction for thiochrome, is a key reaction type.
• Dissolve 10 mL of distilled water after crushing 1 Vitamin B1, then filtering to collect solution B1.
• Prepare test tubes with 2 mL of solution B1, add 1 mL of 15% NaOH (alkaline environment), 0.5 mL of 1% K₃Fe(CN)₆ (oxidize B1 to thiochrome), and 2 mL of isoamyl alcohol (extract thiochrome).
• Shake the solution and let sit for 5 minutes, then observe under sunlight or UV light.

Reacting Color Rule

• No particular color is shown until, when adding K₃Fe(CN)₆ and NaOH with Vitamin B1:
• Fluorescence under UV light appears yellow or green.
• The intensity of the fluorescence corresponds to the amount of Vitamin B1 present in the sample.
• No fluorescence when Vitamin B1 is not present

Testing Process

• Start by adding Solution B1 to a test tube and then add 15% NaOH and shake.
• Add 1% K₃Fe(CN)₆ and shake well leading to a oxidation reaction ,then pour isoamyl and then shake extract thiochrome
• Leave the test be for five minutes and observe the color under sunlight or with UV lighting

• Vitamin B1 reactant that is thiochrome (fluoresces blue under UV).
• NaOH 15% reactant produces an alkaline environment.
• reactant K₃Fe(CN)₆ Oxidizing agent converts B1 to Thiochrom 1%.
• reactants Isoamyl extraction

Diazo Reagent with Experimentation

• Diazolation reaction or the the reaction between vitamin B1 and diazo compound.
• Prepare the test according to what is needed.
• Start adding, 0.5 mL of Vitamin B1 solution ,0.5 mL of 1% sulfanilic acid solution, 10 mL of 5% sodium nitrite solution and 1 mL of 10% sodium carbonate solution.
• Then Shake will and give the process of reaction and observe the color.

How End Reactions Rule

• The test shows pink-red color with Vitamin present.
• The shows stays the same regardless showing the lack of vitamin in it.
• Vitamin strength and concentrations depend and is directly correlated on how dark the red color is.

Experiment

• B1 needs to added to start th, then make the complex form with Sulfanilic (1%), then have Diazo reaction and add Sodium, so now create carbonaide stabilize
• The reaction will needed to have an alkaline environment thanks to Sodium carbonate
• Once shaked you can observe the color

Qualitative Experimentation

• Vitamin B2 reduction from leuco-riboflavin reaction froms key ingredient.
• To create a vitamin B2 solution, crush then fully dissolved the powder after crushing tablet of Vitimin B2 in about about 5 mL of pure distilled water
• Then add to the test each chemical accordingly add 0.5 - 1 mL , a acid a reducer accordingly which is zinc powder in order and then watch th color change

How Reaction Ends

• The the solution should be yellow right from the very jump when doing qualitative, but when you add both HCL the zinc powder will reduce leading to the leuco-riboflavin which will remove the color
• If the solution stays ythellow that is a sign the vitamin b has reduction
• But if you give exposure and shaking the solution with o2 it return yellow

Experiement Testing

• Add a B2 to start, the add the acid in small portions, then add enough zinc reduce and then start obsving color

Products reaction colors

• Vitamin being in yellow with leuco, will result in ribo (colorless)
• Acid reduces
• Zinc is a vitamin reducer.

Quantifying Vi-C

• Iodine reaction (ascorbic acid)

Sample preparation

• By grating fruit, grinding with porecelain mortar. Then add 20ML of then well mixing
• After mixing wash the flask with 1% add 100ml. 15 mins
• Fill solutions, add drops, stir and wait, then.

Vitamin reactin rules

When vitamin it should not change iodine solution. Oxidized color will change after, vitamin oxidizes

• Adding starch makes color change Color will stain.

Vitamin Testing Steps

• The first step 10mg of vitamin
• In 1 % acid.
• Then we need starch and then a reaction must occur because no vitamin c present will have blue

Determination of Nitrogen

• Kjeldahl method used to determining it this inogaric,
• Need to mineraliz, distil
• Weight the, then the catalyst will need a heat and will change when it clear change. Then, pour the distilled boric, put the system under the steam distillation to condesate the result from NH3. And BOIL and NH test with with H2s04

• The soltion be light or cleauor in the start. Condenstion. And when titling must use red indicator. And when will change color so when will green and pourple

• Add acid for the phase then stir for the solution to clear
• Then distillation step will put the material in tube transfer the distillation, then add 40 pour30 ml of distillation Then titrate

Distillation for Ammonaia

• Distill well with system. and then evap the NH3 and condesate it, then must be the H2SO4
• In absorption it mus be purple. If we absorption it will
• Lit paper it is complete
• Put water Mgo Close it boil it and if we want to see if its Add it with paper so if it doesn't change 4
• With acid and put the 0. it will turn purple

• Lotus
• Green
• Turns from dark to. blue