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Questions and Answers
Which of the following ingredients should patients with pseudomembranous colitis avoid?
Which of the following ingredients should patients with pseudomembranous colitis avoid?
What is one of the major adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal system from antacid use?
What is one of the major adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal system from antacid use?
Which category does Loperamide fall under during pregnancy?
Which category does Loperamide fall under during pregnancy?
What are common symptoms indicated for the use of antacids?
What are common symptoms indicated for the use of antacids?
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Which type of drug may result in decreased absorption when administered with antacids?
Which type of drug may result in decreased absorption when administered with antacids?
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What is a common adverse reaction affecting the central nervous system from antacids?
What is a common adverse reaction affecting the central nervous system from antacids?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT indicated for the use of antiflatulents?
Which of the following conditions is NOT indicated for the use of antiflatulents?
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What effect do antidiarrheal drugs have when combined with antihistamines?
What effect do antidiarrheal drugs have when combined with antihistamines?
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What is the primary function of cathartics in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
What is the primary function of cathartics in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
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Which of the following is a significant consideration when assessing a patient for H2 antagonists?
Which of the following is a significant consideration when assessing a patient for H2 antagonists?
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What characteristic distinguishes bulk forming laxatives from other types?
What characteristic distinguishes bulk forming laxatives from other types?
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Which of the following would not be relevant when performing a physical examination prior to therapy?
Which of the following would not be relevant when performing a physical examination prior to therapy?
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What should be assessed to prevent potential allergic reactions when administering H2 antagonists?
What should be assessed to prevent potential allergic reactions when administering H2 antagonists?
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What is the primary risk associated with osmotic laxatives?
What is the primary risk associated with osmotic laxatives?
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What type of medical history is important for assessing a patient's eligibility for H2 antagonists?
What type of medical history is important for assessing a patient's eligibility for H2 antagonists?
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Which statement is true regarding the administration of cathartics with charcoal?
Which statement is true regarding the administration of cathartics with charcoal?
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What is the primary effect of nitroglycerin-derived nitrates?
What is the primary effect of nitroglycerin-derived nitrates?
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Which drug primarily inhibits the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine?
Which drug primarily inhibits the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine?
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What classification does niacin belong to regarding its use in managing lipid levels?
What classification does niacin belong to regarding its use in managing lipid levels?
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In which situation should the use of vasodilators be avoided?
In which situation should the use of vasodilators be avoided?
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Which of the following drugs is typically not used during lactation?
Which of the following drugs is typically not used during lactation?
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What condition is characterized by elevated lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream?
What condition is characterized by elevated lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream?
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What is the main therapeutic use of antihyperlipidemic drugs?
What is the main therapeutic use of antihyperlipidemic drugs?
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What role do antihypertensive drugs play in patient care?
What role do antihypertensive drugs play in patient care?
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What is the primary way that guaifenesin is excreted from the body?
What is the primary way that guaifenesin is excreted from the body?
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Which of the following conditions requires caution when using guaifenesin?
Which of the following conditions requires caution when using guaifenesin?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of guaifenesin?
What is the primary therapeutic use of guaifenesin?
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What adverse effect is associated with topical nasal decongestants?
What adverse effect is associated with topical nasal decongestants?
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Which patient condition requires careful monitoring when using guaifenesin?
Which patient condition requires careful monitoring when using guaifenesin?
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In which patients are ACE inhibitors contraindicated?
In which patients are ACE inhibitors contraindicated?
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What adverse reaction is NOT commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?
What adverse reaction is NOT commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?
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What should be monitored when prescribing ACE inhibitors with potassium supplements?
What should be monitored when prescribing ACE inhibitors with potassium supplements?
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What is a serious warning associated with Captopril?
What is a serious warning associated with Captopril?
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Which of the following is NOT an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor?
Which of the following is NOT an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor?
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What should a patient taking an ACE inhibitor be warned to avoid?
What should a patient taking an ACE inhibitor be warned to avoid?
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Which condition might require the withholding of the ACE inhibitor dose?
Which condition might require the withholding of the ACE inhibitor dose?
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What should be given one hour before meals when taking specific ACE inhibitors?
What should be given one hour before meals when taking specific ACE inhibitors?
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Which of the following is an example of an ACE inhibitor?
Which of the following is an example of an ACE inhibitor?
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What is the primary action of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers?
What is the primary action of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers?
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Which mechanism do calcium-channel blockers use to decrease blood pressure?
Which mechanism do calcium-channel blockers use to decrease blood pressure?
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What effect do bile acid resins have on cholesterol?
What effect do bile acid resins have on cholesterol?
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Which group of antihypertensive agents significantly decreases cardiac workload?
Which group of antihypertensive agents significantly decreases cardiac workload?
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What is a possible contraindication for using calcium-channel blockers?
What is a possible contraindication for using calcium-channel blockers?
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Which of the following statements is incorrect about ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following statements is incorrect about ACE inhibitors?
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How do ACE inhibitors assist in treating heart failure?
How do ACE inhibitors assist in treating heart failure?
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Study Notes
Drugs Used to Manage Pain
- Pain is a general term describing uncomfortable sensations. It ranges from mild to severe, and can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
- Nociceptive pain results from tissue injury (e.g., arthritis, back pain).
- Inflammatory pain arises from inappropriate immune system responses (e.g., gout, rheumatoid arthritis).
- Neuropathic pain stems from nerve irritation (e.g., neuropathy, radicular pain).
- Functional pain lacks an obvious origin (e.g., fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome).
Pain Perception Pathway
- Pain perception involves complex signaling pathways beginning in the periphery, ascending through the spinal cord or brainstem, and ultimately interpreted in the brain's cortex.
- Key stages: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception.
Characteristics of Pain
- Provocation and Palliation: Identify what triggers the pain and what relieves it.
- Quality/Quantity: Describe the pain sensation (e.g., sharp, dull, stabbing).
- Region/Radiation: Specify the location and if the pain spreads.
- Severity Scale: Rate pain on a scale (e.g., 1-10).
- Timing: Note time of day, activity, weather, position, etc., when pain changes in severity.
Pain Assessment
- A thorough evaluation of pain, including patient experience, factors influencing pain expression, and nursing assessment barriers.
Comparative Pain Scale Chart
- Categorizes pain levels from pain-free to excruciating. Pain is rated and described in detail for proper patient management.
Nonopioid Analgesics
- Include NSAIDs and paracetamol (acetaminophen).
- NSAIDs have strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects.
- Paracetmol is a safe, effective pain reliever and fever reducer, typically used for mild to moderate pain, available over-the-counter or via prescription (in combination).
Opioid Analgesics
- Used for severe pain, for both short-term and long-term relief.
- Opioids are prescribed only.
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
- Allows patients to self-administer pain medication using a programmable machine.
- Primarily for patients requiring parenteral analgesia, with incident pain, or patients where oral/transdermal/rectal routes are not used.
Gastrointestinal Agents
- Antidiarrheals: Reduce peristalsis and increase intestinal transit time, used for diarrhea symptom relief (contraindicated in specific conditions).
- Antiflatulents: Relieve or prevent excessive intestinal gas, often using simethicone to coalesce gas bubbles for easier release.
- Laxatives: Accelerate fecal passage or decrease consistency, primarily used for constipation, with various types (stool softeners, cathartics, etc.).
- Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid, used for indigestion and heartburn, but can interfere with absorption of other drugs.
- H2-Receptor Antagonists: Reduce stomach acid production, used for ulcers, GERD and other acid-related conditions.
- Detailed actions, classifications, and nursing considerations are present for each category.
Cardiovascular Drugs
- Antiarrhythmic drugs: Treat irregular heart rhythms by restoring normal heart electrical activity.
- Cardiac stimulants: Increase heart rate and contractility.
- Cardiac depressants: Reduce heartbeat and contraction force, decreasing cardiac output.
- Antihyperlipidemic drugs: Treat high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia). Statins are a common class of these drugs.
- Bile acid resins: Bind to bile acids, increasing cholesterol production and excretion in the feces.
- Fibric acid derivatives: Treat high cholesterol, mainly by lowering triglycerides and increasing metabolism of very low-density lipoproteins.
- Coronary vasodilators: Open coronary arteries to increase blood flow, often used for angina.
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): Inhibit cholesterol production; used with a diet low in saturated fat.
Respiratory Agents
- Antitussives: Suppress coughs, acting directly on the brain’s cough center.
- Antihistamines: Treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever), hives, and other allergies (first and second generation).
- Mucolytics: Thin respiratory secretions, making them easier to cough up.
- Expectorants: Increase airway water to aid mucus clearing.
- Decongestants: Reduce congestion by causing local blood vessel constriction.
- Bronchodilators: Relax lung muscles and widen airways, used for asthma and other lung conditions.
- Antiasthmatic drugs: Treat and prevent asthma attacks. These include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and cromolyn.
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets
- Anticoagulants: Prevent blood clot formation, mainly for people at high risk of stroke or heart attack.
- Antiplatelets: Prevent platelets (blood cells) from clumping together, forming clots; aspirin is most common.
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of pain and the drugs used to manage them. It covers nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic, and functional pain along with the pain perception pathways. Test your knowledge on pain characteristics and management strategies.
