Drugs for Respiratory Tract Conditions
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Questions and Answers

What does pharmacology primarily study?

  • The psychological impacts of medication use.
  • The interaction between drugs and biological systems. (correct)
  • The anatomy of the respiratory system.
  • The effects of exercise on respiratory health.

    • Which part of the respiratory system is most affected by airway drugs?

  • The bronchial tubes. (correct)
  • The upper respiratory tract.
  • The nasal cavities.
  • The pleural membranes.

    • What is a common effect of drugs on airways?

  • Constriction of blood vessels.
  • Reduction of lung capacity.
  • Increased mucus production.
  • Dilation of bronchial passages. (correct)

    • Which of the following is typically not a focus of pharmacological studies on the respiratory system?

    <p>Effects of pollutants on lung function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pharmacological interventions in respiratory care?

    <p>To relieve symptoms and improve breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals in treating airway inflammation?

    <p>Decrease the effects of inflammation on the airway lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of emphysema is characterized by damage primarily in the lung's central lobules?

    <p>Centrilobular emphysema (CLE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Progressive loss of lung compliance and increasing hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema primarily affects the entire acinus of the lung?

    <p>Panlobular emphysema (PLE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lung compliance in ARDS?

    <p>It progressively decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the alveoli in COPD?

    <p>They degenerate and fuse together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of COPD on gas exchange?

    <p>Gas exchange is greatly impaired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended prevention method for COPD?

    <p>Reduce environmental exposure to irritants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic manifestation of COPD?

    <p>Trapped air in the lower respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the degeneration of alveoli in COPD lead to?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug interactions should be monitored when prescribing anticholinergics?

    <p>Other anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition requires caution when administering anticholinergic drugs?

    <p>History of acute bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a nursing assessment, which aspect is essential to evaluate before administering anticholinergic medications?

    <p>Orientation and reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition may complicate the use of anticholinergic drugs?

    <p>Prostatic hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically assessed for patients before prescribing anticholinergic medications?

    <p>Recent travel history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect is primarily caused by actions at alpha- and beta-receptor sites in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is associated with increased beta-receptor activity?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sympathetic nervous system stimulation have on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased respiratory rate is a consequence of actions at which receptor sites?

    <p>Both alpha- and beta-receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a result of sympathetic nervous system activation?

    <p>Decreased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic range for theophylline levels in the blood?

    <p>10 to 20 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these symptoms is NOT associated with high theophylline levels?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What severe consequence can result from excessively high theophylline levels?

    <p>Brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mild side effect of high theophylline levels?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point should monitoring for theophylline toxicity begin?

    <p>Above 20 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drugs Acting on the Respiratory Tract

    • Diagram shows the respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar sacs, goblet cells, mucus, cilia, and epithelial cells.

    Drugs Acting on the Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Key terms related to obstructive pulmonary disease include asthma, atelectasis, bronchodilator, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, pneumonia, pneumothorax, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), sympathomimetics, and xanthines.

    COPD Manifestations

    • Air is trapped in the lower respiratory tract.
    • Alveoli degenerate and fuse together.
    • Gas exchange is impaired.
    • Strategies to prevent and treat COPD include reducing environmental irritants and smoking cessation.

    Changes in the Airway With COPD

    • Diagram shows normal and COPD airway changes, emphasizing inflammation, excess mucus production, and abnormal airway structure.

    Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

    • Characteristics: progressive loss of lung compliance and increasing hypoxia.
    • Causes: cardiovascular collapse, major burns, severe trauma.
    • Rapid depressurization/drop in pressure.
    • Treatment: reversal of the underlying cause combined with ventilatory support.

    Bronchodilators/ Anti-asthmatics

    • Used to facilitate respiration by dilating airways.
    • Xanthines and sympathomimetics are examples.
    • Anticholinergics are a new type of drug, used to treat alpha-1-protease deficiency.

    Enzyme Therapy: Alpha-1-Protease Inhibitor (Human)

    • Zemaira is a drug used for the treatment of alpha-1-protease deficiency.
    • This disorder leads to progressive emphysema, usually appearing in the thirties or forties.
    • In sufficient amounts, it neutralizes neutrophil elastase.
    • It provides protection from tissue destruction.

    Xanthines

    • Caffeine and theophylline are examples.
    • Direct effect on the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract.
    • Used in asthma prophylaxis and treatment.
    • Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, headache, irritability, hyperglycemia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, seizures and brain damage.
    • Substances in cigarettes increase the metabolism of xanthines in the liver.

    Nursing Considerations for Xanthines

    • Assess patient history, allergies, and baseline physiological parameters (pulse, blood pressure, and ECG).
    • Monitor liver function and renal function.
    • Monitor theophylline levels in the blood.

    Sympathomimetics

    • Mimic effects of the sympathetic nervous system: dilation of bronchi with increased rate and depth of respiration.
    • Beta-selective adrenergic agonists are agents used in asthma.
    • Used for acute asthma attacks and prevention of exercise-induced asthma.

    Anticholinergics

    • Patients who cannot tolerate sympathomimetics might respond to these drugs.
    • These drugs block vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine.
    • Used for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD.

    Inhaled Steroids

    • Very effective treatment for bronchospasm.
    • Decrease inflammation in the airway.
    • Used for treating chronic asthma.
    • Well-absorbed from the respiratory tract, mostly metabolized and excreted by the liver.

    Prototype Inhaled Steroids (Pulmicort)

    • Used for prevention and treatment of asthma and chronic steroid-dependent diseases.
    • Decreases airway inflammation.
    • Available as inhalation (rapid onset, and short duration of action).
    • Adverse effects include irritability, headache, rebound congestion, local infection, and others.

    Management of chronic asthma in adults

    • A table summarizing management of chronic asthma in adults based on severity levels and treatment steps (with reliever and preventer therapies).

    Nursing Diagnosis for Budesonide

    • Risk for injury related to immunosuppression.

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    Related Documents

    LOWER RESPIRATORY Pulmonary Disease PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential drugs and concepts related to the respiratory tract, including key terms associated with obstructive pulmonary diseases like asthma and COPD. It also examines the changes in airways due to these conditions and strategies for prevention and treatment. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and pharmacology of the respiratory system.

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