Drugs and Society Test #1 Review Chapters 1-5

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of psychoactive drugs on the body?

They promote overall wellness and health.

They solely improve cognitive function.

They only stimulate the appetite.

They alter homeostasis and perceptions. (correct)

Which age group shows the highest rate of illicit drug use?

26-35 years old

36-45 years old

16-17 years old

18-25 years old (correct)

What is drug tolerance?

A decreased response to a drug requiring a higher dosage for the same effect (correct)

The ability to stop using drugs without withdrawal symptoms

A psychological condition that prevents drug abuse

A phenomenon where previous drug use leads to increased sensitivity

How does Containment Theory relate to drug abuse vulnerability?

Strong internal control compensates for weak external control Signup and view all the answers

What defines drug dependency?

A mental need and physical dependence on drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for adolescent drug use?

Supportive family environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a gateway drug?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of drug addiction?

Complete dependence despite severe consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes amotivational syndrome in relation to drug use?

Lack of ambition that worsens with drug use Signup and view all the answers

How do structural analogs relate to drugs?

They have altered chemical structures from known drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of Social Learning Theory as it relates to drug dependency?

Drug use is influenced by observational learning among peers Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of addiction follows escalation?

Maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason why drug use is considered more serious today?

Greater potency and increased usage among youth. Signup and view all the answers

Which group tends to have higher rates of illegal drug use?

African Americans Signup and view all the answers

How does mental health correlate with drug use disorders?

Mental health issues may predispose individuals to drug use disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between introversion and extroversion?

Introversion turns toward thoughts and feelings, extroversion seeks activities and social sharing Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'fast track' policy of the FDA intended for?

To apply testing of certain drugs for rare diseases more quickly Signup and view all the answers

What does schedule I categorize drugs as?

High abuse potential, not approved for medical use Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

To attach to receptors and cause physiological changes Signup and view all the answers

How does methadone function for a heroin addict?

It replaces heroin while having a lower psychoactive effect Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?

Unconscious functions including heart rate and digestion Signup and view all the answers

What defines drug agonists?

Drugs that stimulate receptors to produce a response Signup and view all the answers

What was the intended use of Diethylene-glycol?

A safe and effective liquid antibiotic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a 'demand reduction' strategy?

To minimize drug consumption through education and awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary relationship between mental health disorders and substance use?

Individuals with mental health disorders may misuse drugs and alcohol to alleviate their symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

How does Social Influence Theory explain the impact of peer groups on substance use?

A person's affinity for their peer group can lead to conformity, including accepting drug use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of social disorganization on drug use among individuals?

It can lead to feelings of alienation, increasing the likelihood of drug abuse and crime. Signup and view all the answers

What model of addiction currently holds the most prevalence in the U.S.?

Disease Model Signup and view all the answers

What does the moral model of addiction imply about individuals who use drugs?

Their drug use is purely a choice reflecting their moral failing. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?

To require transparency in drug composition and dosage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the purpose of the Orphan Drug Law?

It offers tax incentives to encourage developing drugs for rare diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?

It requires drug approval by the FDA based on safety and toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the limbic system?

To regulate emotions, memory, and sexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is characteristic of sympathomimetic drugs?

They mimic the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the frontal cortex play in cognitive functions?

Decision making and processing complex behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential side effect of anabolic steroid use?

Severe injuries in the muscles Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do the adrenal glands serve?

Hormonal regulation and reproductive system development Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'synergism' refer to in pharmacology?

The ability to enhance one drug with another Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'threshold' dose represent?

The minimum amount necessary for a drug to have an effect Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'blood-brain barrier' function?

It selectively filters substances between the blood and the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Drugs & Society

Psychoactive Drugs: Substances that alter consciousness and affect the central nervous system, influencing perception and reality.
Effects on the Body: These drugs disrupt homeostasis, potentially speeding up or slowing down bodily functions.
Gateway Drugs: Common substances like alcohol and marijuana leading to the use of more addictive drugs.
Equal Opportunity Affliction: Drug dependency can affect individuals across all demographics without bias.
Age Group with Highest Drug Use: Individuals aged 18-25 exhibit the highest rates of illicit drug use.
Definitions of Dependency: Includes physical dependency (withdrawal symptoms) and psychological dependency (mental craving).
Drug Use and Crime: A significant correlation exists, with many offenders under the influence when committing crimes.
Social-Psychological Theory of Abuse: Drug use can escalate due to motives, denial of excessive usage, and constant supply.
Drug Addiction Defined: A state of complete dependence on a substance despite negative consequences and withdrawal symptoms.
Structural Analogs: Altered chemical forms of existing drugs, differing in structure from established illicit drugs.
Gender Disparity in Drug Use: Males tend to have higher rates of illegal drug use compared to females.
Licit vs. Illicit Drugs: Legal substances (like alcohol and tobacco) are contrasted with illegal drugs (like cocaine and marijuana).
Ethnic Disparities in Drug Use: Drug use is generally higher in African American communities compared to Asian communities.

Chapter 2: Explaining Drug Use and Abuse

Current Severity of Drug Use: Increased potency and accessibility, particularly among youth, have heightened drug use concerns.
Reasons for Drug Use: Often used for pleasure, to alleviate stress, or enhance social interactions.
Role of Neurotransmitters: Chemicals like dopamine act as messengers, influencing behavior and emotions linked to drug use.
Dopamine and Reward System: This neurotransmitter mediates pleasure and reward, reinforcing the cycle of addiction.
Drug Tolerance: Leads to reduced sensitivity to drug effects, necessitating higher doses for the same experience.
Locus of Control: Influences drug behavior; a weak external control necessitates stronger internal controls to avoid addiction.
Vulnerability Factors: Include genetic predisposition, personal insecurities, and individual sensitivity to drugs.
Adolescent Risk Factors: Experiences such as sexual abuse, peer pressures, and risk-taking behaviors increase drug use likelihood.
Amotivational Syndrome: Individuals may show increased signs of apathy and lack of ambition when using certain drugs.
Mental Health and Drug Use: Pre-existing mental health disorders can predispose individuals to substance use disorders.
Introversion vs. Extroversion: Introverts focus inward; extroverts seek social interactions and external activities.
Social Learning Theories: Drug abuse behaviors can be modeled through peer influences and familial patterns.
Labeling Theory: Perceptions from valued social circles can impact an individual's self-image and substance use behaviors.
Phases of Addiction: Progresses through experimentation, escalation, maintenance, dysfunction, recovery, and potential relapse.
Social Learning Theory Implications: Peer influences in social contexts can lead to increased drug dependency.
Social Influence Theory: Peer groups significantly shape individual attitudes towards drug use.
Social Disorganization Theory: Individuals alienated from social groups may more frequently engage in drug abuse and crime.
Addiction Risk Factors: Include age, peer influences, emotional distress, depression, and loss.
Prevalent Addiction Model: The Disease Model is currently the most recognized in the U.S., suggesting lack of control over substance use.
Moral Model of Addiction: Views addiction as a choice, often leading to negative societal perceptions.
Disease Model of Addiction: Proposes that addiction is a disease where individuals lose control over drug use.

Chapter 3: Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): Mandated ingredient and dosage disclosure on drug products.
Orphan Drug Law: Provides tax incentives for companies developing treatments for rare diseases, benefiting patients.
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Established standards for drug safety and efficacy; mandated FDA approval.
Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951): Defined criteria for classifying prescription and non-prescription drugs.
Interdiction: Involves cutting off drug supplies but often fails as users substitute with other drugs.
Thalidomide: Not approved for pregnant women in the U.S. due to severe birth defects (phocomelia).
FDA Fast Track Policy: Accelerates drug reviews for serious conditions, particularly rare diseases.
Switching Policy: Allows drugs to transition from prescription to over-the-counter status based on safety.
Drug Schedules: Ranges from Schedule I (high abuse potential, no medical use) to Schedule V (low abuse potential, accepted medical use).
Regulatory Steps in Drug Development: Involves preclinical research, clinical evaluations, and post-marketing surveillance.
Demand Reduction Strategy: Aims to decrease drug demand through preventive education.
Methadone's Role: Utilized as a less-psychoactive substitute for heroin, aiding in addiction treatment.
Diethylene Glycol's Toxicity: Found to be harmful, leading to regulatory changes in drug formulations.

Chapter 4: Homeostatic Systems and Drugs

Homeostasis: The body's internal balance of biochemical processes.
Catecholamines: Includes neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, crucial for various functions.
Neurons' Function: Maintain homeostasis by facilitating communication between cells.
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that trigger specific biological responses by binding to receptors.
Endorphins: Natural neurotransmitters that produce pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
Insulin and Diabetes: Hormone from the pancreas critical for regulating blood sugar levels.
Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary body functions, including heart rate and digestion.
Neuron Count in the Brain: Approximately 100 billion neurons are present, forming complex networks.
Agonists vs. Antagonists: Agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block them, preventing activation.
LSD Effects: Produces inhibitory effects, including relaxation and sedation.
Limbic System Functions: Involved in regulating emotions, memory formation, and reproductive behaviors.
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Mimic norepinephrine and epinephrine's physiological effects, inducing alertness and energy.
Frontal Cortex Role: Critical for memory processing, decision-making, and complex behaviors.
Anabolic Steroids Side Effects: Schedule III drugs can cause severe muscular injuries and increased aggression.
Adrenal Glands Function: Regulates hormones and supports the development of reproductive systems.
Therapeutic Use of Androgens: Applied in hormone replacement therapies for growth deficiencies.
Dopamine's Purpose: Vital for motivation, reward processing, learning, and movement coordination.

Chapter 5: How and Why Drugs Work

Margin of Safety: The dosage threshold between therapeutic and toxic effects of a drug.
Synergism: When two drugs enhance each other's effects, leading to increased overall impact.
Additive Interaction: When similar drugs produce compounded effects.
Antagonistic Interaction: One drug interferes with or negates the effect of another.
Solubility Differences: Fat-soluble drugs penetrate the blood-brain barrier more easily compared to water-soluble drugs.
Rebound Effect: Withdrawal phenomenon that arises after drug cessation, leading to intensified symptoms.
Threshold Dose: Minimum effective dose required for therapeutic action to occur.
Plateau Effect: Maximum drug effect achievable, regardless of increased dosage.
Blood-Brain Barrier: A selective permeability shield that prevents many substances from entering the brain.
Placebo Effect: Psychological responses to a drug that arise from an individual's beliefs rather than the drug's active ingredients.
Drug Metabolites: The by-products from drug metabolism, excreted via urine or feces.
Digestive Tract Role in Drug Metabolism: Involves liver enzymes breaking down substances, resulting in metabolites post-absorption.

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Description

Prepare for your PUBH 321 Test #1 with this comprehensive review covering key concepts from Chapters 1-5 of the Hansen textbook. Explore the introduction to psychoactive drugs and their effects on the body and mind. Understand the crucial role of drugs in society and their impact on health.