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Drugs and Society, Hansen Text (14th Ed.) PUBH 321 Test #1 Review Chapters 1-5 Chapter 1, Introduction...

Drugs and Society, Hansen Text (14th Ed.) PUBH 321 Test #1 Review Chapters 1-5 Chapter 1, Introduction to Drugs & Society 1. What are psychoactive drugs? Drug compounds (substances) that affect the central nervous system and/or alter consciousness and/or perceptions 2. What is the effect of psychoactive drugs on the body? Affects homeostasis, slows down, speeds up and alters transmission and receptions of reality 3. What are gateway drugs? Common drugs that may lead to heavier stronger addictive drugs like heroin 4. What is an “equal opportunity” affliction in medicine? Anyone from any class, gender, etc can be affected 5. Which age group has the highest rate of illicit drug use? 18-25 years old 6. What is the definition of drug dependency? Physical Dependence- the need to continue taking drugs because of withdrawal symptoms Psychological dependence- the mental need to be continue the usage When more of the drug is sought out despite withdrawal symptoms 7. What is the relationship between drug use and crime? Most arrested people are under the influence when committing crime 8. When does drug use lead to abuse regarding social-psychological theory? The motive for taking the drug, refusal to admit excessive use, constant supply and occupation of the drug 9. What is the definition of drug addiction? Complete dependence on the drug despite the withdrawal symptoms and excessive use 10. What are structural analogs? Drugs that have altered chemical structures different from current illicit drugs 11. Is illegal drug use usually higher in males or females? Males 12. What is the difference between licit and illicit drugs? Legal vs Illegal alcohol tobacco vs weed coke 13. Which ethnic groups have higher and lower drug use? African Americans vs Asians Chapter 2, Explaining Drug Use and Abuse 1. Why is drug use more serious now compared to the past? Widespread, more potent, increased usage among younger people  2. Why do people take drugs? Pleasure, to relieve burdens, enhance social experiences 3. What is a neurotransmitter? Chemical messengers released by nerve cells to communicate to other cells 4. What is the relationship of dopamine to drug use? It is a neurotransmitter that is present in the brain region that regulates movement, cognitive thinking, motivation, and feelings which rewards the abuse of drug abuse 5. What is drug “tolerance”? Causes a decreased response towards the drug which makes the person needing a higher dosage to get the same high peak 6. What is the difference between “internal and external” locus of control? How does Containment Theory explain this? Self control, high or low tolerance is considered internal External is dependent on the supervision and discipline and moral training Containment theory means that if the person has a weak external control, then their internal control must compensate for the lack of external factors in other words, more prone to drug abuse 7. What factors contribute to drug use vulnerability? People sensitive towards the effects of the drugs, genetics, and insecurities 8. What are some risk factors for adolescent drug use? Sexual abuse, conflicts, drugs as a popularity influence, and risk taking behaviors 9. What is “amotivational syndrome”? People who lack ambition are not drug users but if do, their syndrome gets more pronounced when using the drug 10. What is the relationship of mental health disorders to drug use disorders? Those with mental health disorders can be predisposed in having drug use disorders since the symptoms are quite similar 11. What is introversion vs. extroversion toward directing emotions and personality? Introversion is to turn towards thoughts emotions and feelings Extroversion is to seek activities and sharing feelings 12. Factors responsible for drug use – social psychological learning theories? Being favored by peers or families who abuse drugs to be part of the group 13. What is the relationship of genetics and biological theories to drug use? People with sensitive neurotransmitter are more prone 14. Explain the “labeling” theory? People who have opinions we valued tend to have an influence on how they view our self image 15. What are the phases of addiction? Experimentation, escalation, maintenance, dysfunction, recovery, ex addict 16. Be able to explain “Social Learning Theory” in relation to drug dependency. Social Learning Theory is based on people who use drugs because of their social peers who use it during intimate interactions and social hangouts which can lead someone to drug dependency with the constant use and favoring of the person. 18. Is there a relationship between mental health disorders and drug use? People with mental health disorders tend to misuse drugs and alcohol to help soothe 19. Be able to explain Social Influence Theory. A person’s group or favorite peer tends to have a significant influence on them which can cause them to easily be accepting to anything like drugs 20. How does “social disorganization” relate to drug use? People who seem not to conform with any social group tend to be alienated and are prone to do crimes and drug abuse due to it 21. What are some risk factors that contribute to addiction? Power of age groups, bad peers, loss of grief, depression 22. Which model of addiction is most prevalent in the U.S. currently? Disease Model 23. What is the “moral” model related to addiction? People choose to do drugs because they want to which people view them negatively. 24. Be able to explain the “disease” model related to addiction? The disease model is the belief that the user has no control over the use and abuse of drugs which then makes them more prone to using an excessive amount of drugs and building a high tolerance for it making them wanting harder drugs and constantly abusing it. Chapter 3, Drug Use, Regulation , and the Law 1. What was the purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906? Required manufacturers to put the ingredients and dosage of drugs in each product 2. Explain the Orphan Drug Law and its purpose. Allows drug companies to have tax advantages for people with rare diseases since it is not considered profitable, it helped 25 million Americans with rare diseases 3. What was the purpose of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act? Allowed companies to determine if their drug is considered non prescription or prescription due to a toxicity found in a drug diethylene glycol, made sure it has to be approved by FDA 4. What was the purpose of the Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951? Made the criteria for what a drug must be considered for prescription to nonprescription drugs, habit forming, non self medication due to its toxicity, and new compound not shown safe 5. What does “interdiction” mean? Does it work? Cutting off or destroying supplies of drugs, and it doesn't work since people will find another drug to replace 6. Was Thalidomide approved as a drug for pregnant women in the U.S.? What are the side effects of this drug for pregnant women and their unborn babies?  no, caused birth defects like phocomelia found in babies with birth defects around the arms and legs causing flippers 7. What is the “fast track” policy of the FDA? Applied testing of certain drugs on rare diseases making it faster for reviews to be judged 8. What is the “switching” policy of the FDA? Allows agency to review a drug to see if it can be switch to OTC 9. What do each of the five schedules for drugs say about abuse and medical purpose? Explain each. I- high abuse potential, not approved II- High abuse pot, but applied for medical uses III-V: low abuse pot, used for clinical purposes 10. Be able to explain the regulatory steps of drug development. preclinical research and dev, initial clinical stage, clinical pharmacological evaluation stage, extended clinical eval, permission to market, post marketing surveillance 11. What is “demand reduction” as a strategy? Aim to reduce the demand for drugs through education 12. What is the function of methadone when used for a heroin addict? methadone is a narcotic to help replace heroin, even though it is a drug, it has a lower psychoactive effects and helps reduce the dosage of the drug 13. What is the purpose of Diethylene-glycol? It was supposed to be a liquid antibiotics but was found toxic in the drug Chapter 4, Homeostatic Systems and Drugs 1. What is homeostasis? Maintenance in the internal biochemical body 2. What does “catecholamine” mean? class of biochem compounds that includes transmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine 3. What is the function of neurons in the nervous system? To maintain homeostasis in the body by sending and receiving messages with other cells 4. What are “neurotransmitters”? Chemical messengers that attach on receptors which activates it and causes a change 5. What are “endorphins”? Neurotransmitters that have narcotic like effects 6. What is the hormone released from the pancreas that can result in Diabetes? Insulin 7. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? Controls the unconscious functions of the bodies 8. Are neurons plentiful in the brain? 100 Billion Neurons 9. What are “drug agonists”? What are “drug antagonists”?  Agonists help stimulate the receptors through drugs, while antagonists drugs help prevent the receptors being stimulated by attaching to them and blocking the activation 10. What are some chemical effects of LSD? inhibitory like sleep relaxation and sedation 11. What is the function of the limbic system? To regulate emotions, memory, and sexual reproduction caring 12. Effects of a sympathomimetic drug? agents that mimic the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine 13. Function of frontal cortex? Process memories, complex behaviors, decision making, and process info 14. Side-effects of anabolic steroid use? What is the Schedule number for these drugs? Schedule III drugs, severe injuries in the muscles, increased aggression, uncontrolled rage 15. Function of the adrenal glands? Helps regulate hormones and develops the reproductive systems 16. Is there a therapeutic use for androgens? Yes, people who suffer from lack of hormone growth tend to use androgens 17. Purpose of dopamine in the nervous system? Rewarding center of the brain, motivation, learning, movement, and memorization Chapter 5, How and Why Drugs Work 1. What is the “margin of safety”? Range in dosage between the amount needed for therapeutic effect vs toxic effect 2. What is “synergism”? Ability to enhance one drug with another 3. What is an “additive” drug interaction? Effects are created when both drugs are similar and adds up together 4. What is an “antagonistic” drug interaction? One drug blocks the effects of another drug 5. What is the difference between “fat” and “water soluble” drugs in relation to the brain? Drugs are mostly distributed throughout the blood which are easily passed through the blood barrier brain, water cannot pass through the fatty capillary wall 6. What is drug rebound effect? Form of withdrawal, occurs when a drug is eliminated from the body 7. What is the “threshold” dose mean? The mim amount a drug necessary to have an effect 8. What is the “plateau effect” of a drug? Max effect a drug can have regardless of the dosage 9. How does the “blood-brain barrier” work? selective filtering between the blood vessel and the brain that most water soluble drugs cannot get into  10. What is the “placebo effect” related to drugs? effects caused by psychological effects rather than the pharmacological effects of the drugs 11. What are drug “metabolites”? Chemical products of metabolism of the drugs through feces and urine 12. Be able to explain drug metabolism related to the digestive tract. Half life of a drug begins after administering, goes into biotransformation, metabolized. Liver enzymes help break down and deactivate the drug, and then goes into metabolites 13. How does drug formulation affect drug absorption? can change the dissolution rate of the drug which affects absorption 14. What are the most rapid forms of drug administration related to metabolism? Injection into the bloodstream which is then metabolized through the drugs half life and the liver enzymes break down 15. What is a “paradoxical” drug effect? opposite direct effects of the drug, depressed when drunk but irritated sober withdrawals 16. Are there differences in drug metabolism between genders? Yes women have a higher fat percentage which most psychoactive drugs can easily pass by 17. Are there differences in drug metabolism based on age? Yes it decreases when you age 18. What is biotransformation? The process of changing the chemical properties of a drug through metabolism 19. What is meant by “potency” vs “toxicity”? Amount of drug to effect vs capacity of a drug to do damage towards the body 20. What does “cross-dependency” of drugs mean? Development of tolerance of one drug can affect tolerance towards other drugs that are similar 21. Are most drugs transplacental? yes due to its small molecular size