Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between the whole and part methods of learning?

  • The part method focuses on teaching material as a whole.
  • The whole method breaks material into smaller sections.
  • The whole method is more effective than the part method. (correct)
  • The part method teaches material as a whole.

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?

  • Ivan Pavlov (correct)
  • Edward Thorndike
  • Jean Piaget
  • B.F. Skinner

In behavioral perspective, how is behavior primarily learned?

  • By observing others and imitating their actions.
  • By memorizing facts and figures.
  • Through cognitive processes and intrinsic motivation.
  • Through interactions with stimuli and reinforcement or punishment. (correct)

What describes the process of classical conditioning?

<p>Associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of the environment in learning according to the behavioral perspective?

<p>The environment plays a crucial role in shaping observable behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation is primarily driven by internal satisfaction?

<p>Intrinsic motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do negative emotional states typically affect learning?

<p>Hinder learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does maturation refer to in the context of learning?

<p>Physical and cognitive readiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is NOT mentioned in the context of general and specific intelligences?

<p>Artistic intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does difficulty of material have on the learning process?

<p>Harder materials can be learned more rapidly once mastered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of intelligence focuses on managing and understanding emotions?

<p>Emotional intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic motivation primarily associated with?

<p>Internal satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional state is likely to enhance focus and memory in learners?

<p>Joy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of learning?

<p>Gaining knowledge or skill through various methods such as studying or practicing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the conditions for learning?

<p>Physical appearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does John B. Watson view the relationship between learning and behavior?

<p>Learning is crucial in influencing behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intelligence in the context of individual learning variables?

<p>The general ability to understand, think rationally, and adapt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of compulsive use as described in the content?

<p>Frequent use with extreme dependence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about daily use is accurate?

<p>Daily use can involve varying levels of engagement without extreme dependence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is essential for successful learning?

<p>Motivational factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are psycho-active drugs primarily known for?

<p>Influencing perceptions, emotions, and behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of learning relates to how individuals perceive and react to their environment?

<p>The process of gaining knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the use of a drug in an illegal manner?

<p>Drug Abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes drug misuse?

<p>Using a drug to the extent that it harms health or functioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of physical dependence on drugs?

<p>Withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does psychological dependence on a drug result in?

<p>An obsession and preoccupation with the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is drug tolerance?

<p>Needing larger doses to achieve the same effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the effects of drugs?

<p>User's financial status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes drug misuse?

<p>Using a drug in ways not prescribed, causing harm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of positive reinforcement?

<p>To increase the likelihood of a behavior repeating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes negative punishment?

<p>Reducing a behavior by taking away something desirable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli?

<p>Stimulus Discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a conditioned response reappears after a period of extinction?

<p>Spontaneous Recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?

<p>Stopping a loud alarm when a button is pressed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does shaping involve in behavior modification?

<p>Gradually reinforcing steps toward a desired behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the degree to which the unconditioned stimulus is consistently paired with the conditioned stimulus?

<p>Contingency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to learning that occurs as a consequence of behavior, either strengthening or weakening it?

<p>Operant Conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of punishment in behavioral terms?

<p>To discourage the repetition of a behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulus Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are:

<p>Similar to the conditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option accurately defines positive punishment?

<p>Adding an unpleasant consequence to reduce behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of stimulus response relates behavior to which of the following?

<p>The connection between an event and the resulting behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will likely happen to the conditioned response if the conditioned stimulus is presented infrequently with the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>It may weaken and potentially extinguish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli necessary for learning?

<p>Contingency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective method for encouraging a new behavior by breaking it into smaller steps?

<p>Shaping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Whole Method of Learning

Learning by studying material as a complete unit, without breaking it into smaller parts.

Part Method of Learning

Learning by dividing material into smaller sections and studying each section individually.

Behavioral Perspective

A learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how the environment influences them.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.

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Reinforcement and Punishment

In the Behavioral Perspective, behaviors are strengthened through reinforcement (positive or negative) and weakened through punishment.

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Intelligence in Learning

Learning involves both general intelligence, like problem-solving, and specific intelligences, such as verbal, numerical, and emotional intelligence (EQ).

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Motivation in Learning

Motivation drives goal-oriented behaviors. It can be internal (intrinsic) like enjoyment, or external (extrinsic) like rewards. Intrinsic motivation tends to be more effective.

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Emotions' Impact on Learning

Emotions strongly affect learning. Negative emotions like anxiety hinder learning, while positive emotions like joy enhance focus and memory.

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Maturation in Learning

Maturation refers to physical and cognitive readiness for learning. It impacts a learner's ability to process information and master skills based on their stage of development.

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Task Difficulty in Learning

The difficulty of learning material impacts learning time and effort. Harder materials require more time and concentration, but mastery leads to faster understanding.

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Psycho-active Drugs

Drugs that alter a person's perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. They affect the mind.

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Drug Abuse

Using a drug in a way that is illegal or harmful.

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Drug Misuse

Using a drug in a way that causes serious problems with your physical or mental health.

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Physical Dependence

Your body needs a drug to function normally. Stopping it causes withdrawal symptoms.

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Psychological Dependence

You rely on a drug to feel good or manage your emotions. You become obsessed with getting it.

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Drug Tolerance

You need more and more of a drug to get the same effect.

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Chemical Properties

The chemical makeup of a drug influences its effects. Different types of drugs act differently.

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Dosage

The amount of a drug taken affects its impact. Larger doses can lead to stronger effects.

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Learning

The process of gaining knowledge or skills through studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something, leading to changes in how individuals perceive and react to their environment.

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John B. Watson on Learning

Learning has a significant impact on an individual's behavior, enabling them to adapt to their surroundings.

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Learning Conditions

The factors that influence the effectiveness of learning, including intellectual capacity, readiness, past learning, motivation, quality of materials, and the social and physical environment.

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Intelligence

General ability to understand, think rationally, and adapt to challenges.

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Intensive Use

Regular and frequent use of something, often indicating a strong need or preference.

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Compulsive Use

Habitual and uncontrollable use of something, often accompanied by an intense desire and dependence.

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Factors Influencing Learning

Factors that influence the effectiveness of learning, including intellectual capacity, readiness, past learning, motivation, quality of materials, and the social and physical environment.

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Learning's Effect on Behavior

Learning shapes an individual's behaviors and actions, enabling them to adapt and respond to their environment.

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What is reinforcement?

A consequence that makes a behavior more likely to happen again.

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What is positive reinforcement?

Adding something pleasant to encourage a behavior.

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What is negative reinforcement?

Removing something unpleasant to encourage a behavior.

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What is punishment?

A consequence that discourages a behavior from happening again.

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What is positive punishment?

Adding something unpleasant to discourage a behavior.

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What is negative punishment?

Removing something pleasant to discourage a behavior.

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What is shaping in learning?

Gradually teaching a complex behavior by rewarding small steps towards the goal.

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What is stimulus-response?

Learning happens when you associate a specific action (response) with a specific event (stimulus).

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Contingency

The extent to which the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) consistently appears with the conditioned stimulus (CS).

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Extinction

The gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response (CR) when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.

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Spontaneous Recovery

After extinction, the CR may temporarily reappear when the CS is presented again.

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Stimulus Generalization

When a CR is triggered by stimuli similar to the original CS.

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Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between the CS and other similar stimuli that do not elicit a response.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences; behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes.

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Edward Thorndike

Psychologist who formulated the Law of Effect, a basic principle in operant conditioning; behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely.

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B.F. Skinner

Psychologist who expanded on Thorndike's work and developed the principles of operant conditioning; focused on how reinforcement and punishment shape behavior.

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Study Notes

Drugs

  • Psychoactive drugs influence perceptions, emotions, and behaviors.
  • Drug abuse is using a drug illegally or to a point impacting physical or mental health.
  • Drug misuse is using a drug to an extent that negatively affects physical or mental health.
  • Physical dependence is relying on a drug for bodily function, causing withdrawal symptoms without it.
  • Psychological dependence is relying on a drug for a specific psychological state, leading to preoccupation and obsession.
  • Drug tolerance is reduced response to a drug, requiring larger doses for the same effect.

Factors Influencing Drug Effects

  • Chemical properties of the drug.
  • Administration method (injection, sniffing, etc.) impacts intensity.
  • User's expectations influence the drug's actual impact.
  • External variables (location, atmosphere, company) can alter perceived effects.

Drug Classification

  • Downers (Depressants): Slow down bodily functions, induce sleep and calmness. Overdose can lead to unconsciousness or death.
    • Barbiturates
    • Non-barbiturate hypnotic tranquilizers (e.g., Valium, Librium)
    • Narcotics (e.g., morphine, heroin)
  • Uppers (Stimulants): Increase energy, alertness, and attentiveness. Excessive intake can lead to nervousness or insomnia.
    • Caffeine
    • Nicotine
    • Cocaine
    • Shabu/Methamphetamine
    • Amphetamines
    • Ecstasy
    • Psychedelics
    • Marijuana (effects depend on concentration and type of cannabis).
    • LSD (Acid)
    • PCP

Alcohol

  • Most common depressant, individual and cultural effects vary.
  • Effects include weakened judgment, impaired thought and restraint, reduced tension, and increased cheerfulness. Effects intensify the more alcohol consumed.

Reasons for Drug Use

  • Curiosity
  • Pharmacological advances perceived as solving psychological issues.
  • Peer pressure
  • Rebellion
  • Seeking thrills and new experiences
  • Trying to fit in.

Drug Abuse Patterns

  • Experimental use
  • Socio-recreational use
  • Situational use
  • Intensive use
  • Compulsive use

Learning

  • Learning is the process of gaining knowledge or skill through studying, practicing, or experiencing something. It influences how individuals perceive and react to their environment.
  • Individual Variables: Intelligence, motivation, emotions, maturation matter for learning effectiveness.
  • Task Variables: Difficulty and meaningfulness of material affect learning rate. Serial position effect shows primacy and recency effects in remembering information.
  • Method Variables: Active learning involves high-order thinking, self-testing, and personal engagement; passive learning is less interactive.
  • Learning Perspectives:
    • Behavioral: Focuses on observable behaviors and the environment's role in shaping learning, with a focus on reinforcement and punishment.
    • Classical Conditioning: Neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. (Ex: Pavlov's dogs).
    • Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences, reinforcing desired behaviors and punishing undesired ones.
    • Cognitive: Focuses on cognitive processes in learning—thoughts, insights, and problem-solving skills. Cognitive maps are mental representations of the environment. Latent learning is learning not immediately shown in behavior but is evident later.
    • Social: Learning through observation and imitation of others. This is also known as vicarious learning

Memory

  • Encoding: turning new information into a usable/recordable form in the sensory memory, including visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding.
  • Retention (Storage): holding new information in memory, for short or long periods.
  • Forgetting: theories of decay and interference, where new learnings hinder remembering old information)
  • Retrieval (Remembering): recalling information from memory; recall vs. recognition are different ways.
  • Factors affecting memory: Stimulus response, cognitive maps, latent learning

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Drugs Psychology Study Guide

Description

This quiz explores the fascinating world of psychoactive drugs, detailing how they affect perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. It also discusses drug abuse, misuse, dependence, tolerance, and the factors that influence drug effects. Test your knowledge on the various classifications of drugs and their impacts.

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