Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the chemical name of a drug?
Which classification refers to the clinical indication or therapeutic action of a drug?
What type of drug preparation is a capsule?
Which of the following describes a suspension?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the official name of a drug typically used for identification?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of drug preparation is a transdermal patch?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered a trade name of a drug?
Signup and view all the answers
Which option best describes the pharmaceutical class of a drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended intramuscular injection site for adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following routes has the longest absorption time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended needle gauge for intradermal injections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical volume for an intradermal injection?
Signup and view all the answers
What tissue layer is targeted for subcutaneous injections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does NOT affect the absorption of medications?
Signup and view all the answers
What is defined as the concentration of a drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse drug effect is characterized by an unexpected reaction to a drug that is not based on the drug's known pharmacological effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'half-life' refer to in pharmacology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors can influence drug action?
Signup and view all the answers
Which conversion correctly represents the relationship between grams and milligrams?
Signup and view all the answers
An anaphylactic reaction to a drug is an example of which type of adverse drug effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of intravenous medication administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which site is NOT typically used for injections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of medical record documentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What should patients be cautioned against regarding their medication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which topical administration method involves applying medication directly to the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What information is NOT required when administering a controlled substance?
Signup and view all the answers
At which point must a nurse compare the medication against the eMAR/MAR?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first step to take immediately after a medication error has occurred?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the three checks for medication administration?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be included in the medical record after a medication error?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Drug Nomenclature
- Chemical name: Describes the drug's atomic and molecular composition.
- Generic name: Assigned by the first manufacturer who develops the drug.
- Official name (monograph): Found in official publications like the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF). Typically the generic name.
- Trade name: Brand name copyrighted by the drug's selling company.
Drug Preparations
- Oral: Capsules, pills, tablets, extended release, elixirs, suspensions, syrups.
- Topical: Liniments, lotions, ointments, suppositories, transdermal patches.
- Injectable: Injected directly into the body.
Drug Classifications
- Classifications based on effect on the body system, chemical composition, or clinical indication/therapeutic action.
- Pharmaceutical class: Focuses on mechanism of action (MOA), physiologic effect (PE), and chemical structure (CS).
- Therapeutic class: Focuses on the clinical indication for the drug or therapeutic action (e.g., analgesic, antibiotic, antihypertensive).
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: How the drug enters the bloodstream.
- Distribution: How the drug moves throughout the body.
- Metabolism: How the drug is broken down in the body.
- Excretion: How the drug leaves the body.
Factors Affecting Absorption
- Route of administration: How the drug is given (oral, topical, etc.).
- Lipid solubility: How easily the drug dissolves in fats.
- pH: The acidity or alkalinity of the environment.
- Blood flow: Amount of blood to the area where the drug is administered.
- Local conditions: Factors at the site of administration (e.g., inflammation).
- Drug dosage: Amount of drug given.
Pharmacodynamics
- Drugs alter cell physiology and influence the body.
- They can promote or block responses in the body's processes.
- Drug-receptor interaction: Drugs bind to specific cellular structures to alter cell function.
- Drugs can also combine with other molecules within the body to achieve their effect.
- Some drugs act on the cell membrane or modify the cellular environment.
Adverse Drug Effects
- Allergic effects: Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis.
- Drug tolerance: Decreased effect of the drug with repeated use.
- Toxic effect: Harmful or poisonous effects.
- Idiosyncratic effect: Unpredictable and individual-specific reactions.
-
Drug interactions: Effects of one drug are altered by another drug.
- Antagonistic: One drug reduces the effect of another.
- Synergistic: One drug enhances the effect of another.
Factors Affecting Drug Action
- Developmental considerations: Age and maturity of the patient.
- Weight: Body mass influences drug distribution.
- Gender: Differences in body composition and hormone levels can influence drug effects.
- Genetic and cultural factors: Variations in metabolism and responses can be influenced by these factors.
- Psychological factors: Mental state can influence drug perception.
- Pathology: Existing medical conditions can affect drug action.
- Environment: Temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors can impact drug effects.
- Timing of administration: When the drug is given can influence its absorption and effectiveness.
Drug Dose and Serum Drug Levels
- Therapeutic range: Ideal drug concentration in the blood for effectiveness without toxicity.
- Trough level: Lowest concentration in the blood, indicating the rate of elimination.
- Half-life: Time it takes for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body.
Metric System Conversions
- To convert a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the decimal point to the right.
- To convert a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the decimal point to the left.
- 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
- 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams
- 1 milligram = 1,000 micrograms
- 1 liter = 1,000 milliliters or cubic centimeters
Controlled Substances
- Required information: Patient name, amount of narcotic used, time of administration, prescribing physician, and administering nurse.
Three Checks of Medication Administration
- When reaching for the medication.
- When preparing the medication.
- Before giving the medication to the patient.
Medication Errors
- Action: Immediately assess the patient for adverse effects.
- Reporting: Inform the nurse manager and primary care provider.
- Documentation: Record the error, remedial actions taken in the medical record.
- Facility reporting: Use a designated error reporting form.
Intramuscular Injection Sites
- Adults: Ventrogluteal or deltoid muscle.
Preparing Medications for Injection
- Ampules: Single-dose glass containers.
- Vials: Multiple-dose glass containers.
- Prefilled cartridges or syringes: Ready-to-administer medication.
- Mixing medications: Combining drugs in one syringe.
- Reconstituting powdered medications: Adding liquid to powdered medication to form a solution.
Intradermal Injections
- Administration: Injected into the dermis just below the epidermis.
- Absorption: Longest absorption time among parenteral routes.
- Uses: Sensitivity tests, local anesthesia.
- Common sites: Inner forearm, upper back (under the scapula).
- Needle: 1/4″ to 1/2″, 25- or 27-gauge needle.
- Angle: 5 to 15 degrees.
- Dosage: Usually less than 0.5 mL.
Subcutaneous Injections
- Administration: Injected into the adipose tissue layer beneath the skin.
- Common sites: Upper arm, abdomen, anterior thigh, upper back, upper ventral or dorsogluteal area.
Intravenous Administration
- Delivery: Directly into the bloodstream.
- Effect: Immediate drug action.
- Use: Emergencies.
Topical Administration
- Skin applications: Creams, lotions, ointments.
- Eye instillations and irrigations: Eye drops and washes.
- Ear instillations and irrigations: Ear drops and washes.
- Nasal instillations: Nasal sprays.
- Vaginal applications: Suppositories, creams.
- Rectal instillations: Suppositories, enemas.
Medical Record Documentation
- Medication: Name, dosage, route, and time of administration.
- Administering person: Nurse's name.
- Injection site: Site used for injections.
- Omitted or refused medications: Reason for omission or refusal.
- Medication errors: Description of the error and steps taken to correct it.
Patient Teaching
- Medication administration: Techniques for self-administration.
- Dosage and duration: Instructions to take medication as prescribed.
- Dosage alterations: Warning against dosage changes without physician approval.
- Sharing medications: Recommendation against sharing medications.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in drug nomenclature, including chemical, generic, official, and trade names. Additionally, it explores various drug preparations such as oral, topical, and injectable forms, along with classifications based on therapeutic action and mechanisms of action.
