Drug Craving and Sensitization Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term has replaced 'inebriety' in medical contexts?

Dependency Syndrome

Addiction (correct)

Dependence

Substance Use Disorder

Which of the following figures is NOT associated with early addiction studies?

Sigmund Freud

Benjamin Rush

Emil Kraepelin

Carl Jung (correct)

How do addictive substances primarily affect the brain?

By reducing emotional responses

By altering the brain's reward system (correct)

By increasing physical stamina

By enhancing cognitive function

Which of the following statements is true regarding addiction?

Addiction is viewed as a complex illness. Signup and view all the answers

What area of research has seen significant development in the 20th century related to addiction?

Diagnostic classifications Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the synapse in the nervous system?

It serves as a gap that allows the transmission of chemical signals. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is identified as the principal fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse involves the axon terminal of one neuron communicating directly with the cell body of another neuron?

Axosomatic synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the presynaptic cell?

It is responsible for sending signals across the synapse. Signup and view all the answers

What field of action do glutamate neurotransmitters primarily affect?

Excitatory actions primarily in the central nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of drug abuse treatment admissions were voluntary submissions?

35.05% Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group has the highest representation in drug abuse treatment admissions?

Males Signup and view all the answers

What is the average monthly family income reported in the demographics?

Php 13,201.05 Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of individuals in treatment for drug abuse?

12-68 years Signup and view all the answers

What recent trend has been observed concerning the supply and demand of cocaine?

Prolonged surge in demand Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the drug abuse treatment admissions came from the National Capital Region?

26.11% Signup and view all the answers

What is the employment status of individuals among the treatment admissions?

57.90% employed Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon has been observed with the emergence of synthetic drugs?

Alteration of markets and supply chains Signup and view all the answers

What does sensitization refer to in the context of drug use?

An increase in drug craving caused by brain changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an adverse effect of drugs?

Sensitization Signup and view all the answers

What are common withdrawal symptoms associated with drug cessation?

Anxiety and cognitive discomfort Signup and view all the answers

When selecting a drug, which guideline is important to consider?

Diagnosis and identification of target symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What special treatment consideration applies to geriatric patients?

Susceptibility to adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk associated with certain teratogenic drugs?

Birth anomalies in the developing fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about discontinuation syndrome is true?

It can cause mild symptoms upon dosage reduction Signup and view all the answers

What effect does akathisia have on patients?

Restlessness and a strong urge to move Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Folic Acid have in relation to teratogenicity?

Lowers the risks of teratogenicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical speed of effect for oral tablet ingestion?

Slow to Moderate Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency when administering medications?

Plasma drug concentrations Signup and view all the answers

How does administration of drugs in patients with other medical illnesses typically affect them?

Increased sensitivity to adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route that has a fast to very fast effect?

Intravenous Injection Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of drugs used today?

They can be either natural or synthetic Signup and view all the answers

What is typically required when a drug accumulates to toxic concentrations in patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency?

Decrease the dosage Signup and view all the answers

Which inhalation method is associated with a moderate speed of effect?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Sensitization and Withdrawal

Sensitization refers to drug craving driven by changes in the brain, specifically receptor upregulation.
Drug efficacy is the ability of a drug to activate its specific receptor.
Withdrawal symptoms manifest as unpleasant cognitive sensations following drug cessation.

Types of Adverse Effects

Sexual dysfunction can occur with various medications.
Anxiety is a common adverse effect.
Akathisia results in inner restlessness.
Insomnia disrupts sleep patterns.
Gastrointestinal upset includes issues like diarrhea and constipation.
Headaches and dry mouth are frequent complaints.
Anorexia and weight gain can also result from drug use.
Somnolence may cause excessive drowsiness.
Urinary retention poses difficulties in urination.
Orthostatic hypotension leads to drops in blood pressure upon standing.

Guidelines for Drug Selection

Diagnosis and identification of target symptoms are crucial for appropriate treatment.
Consider current and recently discontinued medications.
Adjusting the dosage of prescribed drugs may be necessary for optimal effects.

Special Treatment Considerations

Geriatric patients are more vulnerable to adverse effects due to slower metabolism.
Children have a smaller volume of distribution but faster metabolism rates.
Pregnant and nursing women face risks from teratogenic drugs like lithium and anticonvulsants, which can cause birth defects.
Folic acid can reduce teratogenicity risks.
Patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency may need reduced dosages to avoid toxicity.

Drug Administration Routes and Effects

Ingestion (tablets, capsules): Slow to moderate speed of effects.
Inhalation (smoking, nasal absorption): Moderate to fast onset.
Peripheral injection (subcutaneous, intramuscular): Moderate to very fast effects.
Central injection (intracerebroventricular, intrathecal): Fast to very fast outcomes.

Changes in Drug Use in Society

Continued high death rates from hepatitis C liver diseases and opioid overdoses.
Youth are more susceptible to drug use than adults.
Drug abuse treatment centers reported over 5,500 total admissions in recent records, with an increase in methamphetamine cases.
Demographics show a majority of users are male, single, and aged 35 on average.
Accessibility of drugs has increased due to shorter supply chains facilitated by digital interconnectivity.

Drug Types and Psychedelic Substances

Drug types include natural and synthetic variations.
Emergence of new psychoactive substances has been noted.
Ongoing research explores the foundation of addiction, highlighting genetic and environmental interactions in susceptibility.

Understanding Pharmacology and Neurotransmitters

Pharmacology studies drug actions and effects on living organisms.
The synapse is crucial for communication between neurons, preventing overexcitation in the brain.
Key neurotransmitters include glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter central to CNS function, and acetylcholine, notable for its role across the nervous system and as the first discovered neurotransmitter.

Perspectives on Addiction

Evolving definitions of addiction reflect complex influences—cultural, psychological, social, and biological.
Current debates center on the differentiation of addiction vs. dependence and views on treatment versus punishment.

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Description

Test your knowledge on drug craving, sensitization, and the brain's response to drugs. This quiz explores concepts such as drug efficacy and withdrawal symptoms. Understand how changes in the brain influence drug addiction and recovery.