Nursing 101 Exam 3

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a felony?

Punishable by imprisonment for less than 1 year

Punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year (correct)

A minor violation without serious consequences

Punishable by fines

An intentional tort is defined as accidental harm to a patient.

False

What is whistle-blowing?

A warning to the public concerning serious wrongdoing.

In the FDA process, the _____ phase involves testing a new drug on small groups of people.

clinical Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles in medication administration to their responsibilities:

Prescriber = Orders the medication Pharmacist = Responsible for preparing the meds Nurse = Responsible for administration of those meds Patient = Receives medication as prescribed Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of medication reconciliation?

To understand the patient's current medications and their history Signup and view all the answers

The defendant is the person who brings a lawsuit against another party.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nurse have in the medication administration process?

Responsible for the administration of medications. Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of nonmaleficence primarily focus on?

Avoiding harm to the patient Signup and view all the answers

In deontologic ethics, the morality of an action is based solely on its consequences.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary principles of bioethics?

Utilitarian and Deontologic Signup and view all the answers

The principle that involves keeping promises and upholding RN standards is known as __________.

Fidelity Signup and view all the answers

Match the ethical principle with its description:

Autonomy = Respect for patient decision-making Beneficence = Doing good and promoting well-being Justice = Fairness in treatment Veracity = Telling the truth Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle requires a nurse to act in ways that promote a patient's well-being?

Beneficence Signup and view all the answers

Confidentiality in nursing ethics is primarily concerned with protecting the patient's privacy.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of justice in nursing ethics require?

Fair treatment for all patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a bar-code medication system?

To prevent medication errors during administration Signup and view all the answers

Ethics is solely the study of what is right or wrong without considering the consequences.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one important action to take if a medication error has occurred?

Check the patient for adverse effects. Signup and view all the answers

In the process of developing values, the step where one chooses options after considering consequences is called ______.

choosing Signup and view all the answers

Match the modes of value transmission with their descriptions:

Modeling = Observation of others' values Moralizing = Instilled value system Laissez-faire = Child develops values independently Rewarding & Punishing = Value reinforcement through rewards and consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'acting' process in developing values?

Incorporating choices into consistent behavior Signup and view all the answers

It is permissible to leave prepared drugs unattended in a healthcare setting.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before administering medication to ensure patient understanding?

Describe the medication and its purpose in understandable language. Signup and view all the answers

The study of rights and wrong principles in relation to human conduct is known as ______.

ethics Signup and view all the answers

Which action is part of the prevention process for medication errors?

Conducting a series of checks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a nurse in the medication administration process?

Administering the medication Signup and view all the answers

A misdemeanor is punishable by imprisonment for more than one year.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the clinical phase in the FDA drug approval process?

To test the new drug on small groups of people and evaluate its safety and effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the person or government bringing a lawsuit in a legal case.

plaintiff Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases in the FDA process with their descriptions:

Pre Clinical Phase = Development of the drug, including animal testing Investigational Phase = Application for new drug sent to the FDA Clinical Phase = Testing on small groups for safety and efficacy New Drug Review Application Process = Final review before marketing the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an unintentional tort?

Accidentally administering the wrong medication Signup and view all the answers

The defendant is the person being accused in a legal case.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of beneficence in nursing ethics primarily involve?

Promoting the well-being of patients Signup and view all the answers

What are the '7 rights' in medication administration?

Right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right reason, right documentation. Signup and view all the answers

The principle of autonomy emphasizes the need for informed consent.

True Signup and view all the answers

Define nonmaleficence in the context of nursing ethics.

Nonmaleficence is the ethical principle of avoiding harm to patients and ensuring interventions do not cause more harm than good. Signup and view all the answers

The principle that focuses on fairness and giving each individual their due is known as __________.

justice Signup and view all the answers

Match the bioethical principles with their descriptions:

Autonomy = Respecting patients' rights to make decisions Nonmaleficence = Avoiding harm Beneficence = Doing good for the patient Justice = Fairness in treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes deontologic ethics?

It insists on rules and obligations regardless of consequences. Signup and view all the answers

Fidelity in nursing ethics includes keeping promises and maintaining professional standards.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of utilitarianism in nursing ethics.

Utilitarianism in nursing ethics is the principle that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences and that actions should promote the greatest good for the patient. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common medical error that should be prevented?

Incorrect preparation of a drug Signup and view all the answers

The bar-code medication system allows nursing staff to administer medications without scanning patient's identifiers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a medication error is identified?

Check the patient for adverse effects, advise the nurse manager and physician, and document the error. Signup and view all the answers

A witness is required ________ when counting and wasting a narcotic.

another nurse Signup and view all the answers

Match the steps in the process of developing values with their descriptions:

Choosing = Selecting freely from options after considering consequences Prizing = Feeling pride and public affirmation for a value Acting = Consistently integrating a choice into behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which topic should be included in patient teaching regarding medication?

How to store/prepare the drug Signup and view all the answers

Modeling is a way of transmitting values that involves direct instruction.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bar-code medication systems in healthcare?

To ensure accurate drug administration by verifying patient and drug IDs. Signup and view all the answers

Inappropriate ___________ of a drug is a common medical error.

prescribing Signup and view all the answers

What does bioethics primarily focus on?

The ethical treatment of patients in clinical settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a pharmacist in the medication administration process?

Preparing the medications Signup and view all the answers

An intentional tort is defined as harm that is meant to occur to a patient.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Investigational Phase in the FDA process?

To submit a New Drug Application after meeting specific criteria. Signup and view all the answers

The process of asking a patient about their current medications to avoid errors is known as __________.

medication reconciliation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following legal terms with their definitions:

Misdemeanor = Punishable by fines or less than 1 year imprisonment Felony = Punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year Plaintiff = Person or government bringing a lawsuit Defendant = Person being accused of a crime or tort Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of drug development involves testing on the largest group of patients?

Clinical Phase Signup and view all the answers

Name one key responsibility of a nurse during medication administration.

Administration of medications. Signup and view all the answers

The defendant is the individual or entity bringing a lawsuit to court.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of bioethics emphasizes the importance of respect for patients' rights to make their own healthcare decisions?

Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

Deontologic ethics assess the rightness or wrongness of an action based on its consequences.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle that requires nurses to avoid causing harm or to prevent harm during care?

Nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

The ethical principle that focuses on doing good and promoting patient well-being is called __________.

Beneficence Signup and view all the answers

Match each ethical principle with its description.

Justice = Act fairly and equitably distribute resources Fidelity = Keep promises and maintain integrity Veracity = Tell the truth in all circumstances Accountability = Assume responsibility for one's actions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes utilitarianism in the context of nursing?

Considering actions that promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Signup and view all the answers

Justice in nursing ethics ensures that all patients get equal access to care regardless of their background.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the obligation for nurses to keep promises made to patients?

Fidelity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common medical error that can be made during drug administration?

Administering a drug to the wrong patient Signup and view all the answers

A nurse can leave prepared drugs unattended while attending to other duties.

False Signup and view all the answers

What must be checked daily regarding controlled substances?

A count of all controlled substances Signup and view all the answers

The process of administering medication without thorough checks can lead to __________ errors.

medical Signup and view all the answers

Match the following modes of value transmission with their descriptions:

Modeling = Observation and imitation of behaviors Moralizing = Instilling a strict set of values Laissez-faire = Allowing independent development of values Rewarding & Punishing = Using consequences to shape behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the medication administration process ensures proper identification of the patient?

Scan the patient's identifier Signup and view all the answers

The action of 'prizing' in the development of values involves public affirmation and happiness.

True Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of patient teaching regarding medication.

It ensures patients understand their medication's name, dose, action, and how to store it. Signup and view all the answers

The study of ethics in healthcare specifically related to the principles of rights and wrongs is known as __________.

bioethics Signup and view all the answers

If a medication error occurs, what should be documented?

The error details in the patient's medical record Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of responsibilities in medication administration?

Prescriber, Nurse, Pharmacist Signup and view all the answers

An intentional tort is characterized by accidental harm to the patient.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of medication reconciliation?

To ensure accurate medication history and avoid errors. Signup and view all the answers

In the FDA process, the __________ phase involves further studying the effectiveness and safety of drugs.

Clinical Signup and view all the answers

Match the following legal terms with their definitions:

Whistle Blowing = A warning about serious wrongdoing Misdemeanor = Punishable by fines or less than 1 year imprisonment Felony = Punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year Litigation = Taking legal action through a lawsuit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a responsibility of the nurse in medication administration?

Administering medication Signup and view all the answers

The New Drug Review Application process is the final step before a medication can be marketed.

True Signup and view all the answers

Describe what a felony is in legal terms.

A felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle focuses on the obligation to avoid causing harm to patients?

Nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarian ethics focus on the act being right or wrong regardless of its consequences.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of beneficence require from nurses?

To act in ways that promote the patient's well-being. Signup and view all the answers

The principle that requires respect for patients' rights to make their own health care decisions is known as __________.

autonomy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ethical principles with their definitions:

Autonomy = Respect for a patient's right to make their own decisions Nonmaleficence = Avoiding the infliction of harm Beneficence = Taking actions that benefit the patient Justice = Fair and equitable treatment of patients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the principle of justice in nursing ethics?

Treating all patients fairly and giving them their due Signup and view all the answers

Fidelity in nursing ethics involves upholding professional standards and keeping promises.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain the principle of nonmaleficence in nursing ethics.

It is the obligation to not inflict harm intentionally and to prevent potential harm to patients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common medical error?

Correct preparation of a drug Signup and view all the answers

A witness is required only when administering medication.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a medication error occurs?

Check for adverse effects, notify the nurse manager and physician, and document the error. Signup and view all the answers

The principle of __________ in nursing ethics is focused on doing no harm.

nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

Match the common medical errors with their descriptions:

Inappropriate prescribing = Prescribing a drug not suited for the patient Wrong patient administration = Giving medication to a patient different from the one prescribed Incorrect preparation = Preparing the medication improperly before administration Expired drug = Administering a drug that has passed its expiration date Signup and view all the answers

What is a key part of the bar-code medication system?

Drugs have unique barcodes for identification Signup and view all the answers

Patient education about medication should occur after administration.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to be checked daily for controlled substances?

Count of all controlled substances should be checked daily. Signup and view all the answers

In the process of developing values, the step where one treasures the value is called __________.

prizing Signup and view all the answers

Match the modes of value transmission with their descriptions:

Modeling = Learning through observation of others Moralizing = Imposing a set of values through direct instruction Laissez-faire = Providing little to no guidance in value development Rewarding & Punishing = Using consequences to shape behavior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Administration in New Jersey

Prescriber: Orders the medication (prescription).
Pharmacist: Responsible for preparing the medications.
Nurse: Responsible for administering the medications.
Checks and balances: Help prevent errors.
- If an error is made, the pharmacist and nurse have time to note it.
- If the pharmacy makes the error, the nurse can note it using the 7 rights of medication administration.

FDA Drug Approval Process

Pre-Clinical Phase:
- Development of the drug includes:
  - Animal testing (to check for toxicity)
  - Sponsoring the drug
Investigational Phase:
- New Drug Application (NDA) is sent to the FDA if the criteria are met.
Clinical Phase:
- New drug tested on small groups of people.
- Tested on larger groups:
  - Patients with diseases for which the drug is intended.
  - Usually includes a group who receives a placebo.
- Largest group: Patients take the medication and further study its effectiveness and safety.
New Drug Review Application Process: FDA final review of the application and approval for marketing.
Testing on Human Beings:
- Approved for use by the FDA after the completion of all phases.

Nursing Process of Medication Administration

Assessment:
- Medication history
- Medication Reconciliation: A process to determine the medications the patient is taking, why, when, frequency, and when they started taking them.

Principles of Pharmacology

Principles:
- Autonomy: Respect the patient's right to make healthcare decisions and provide education.
- Nonmaleficence: Avoid causing harm or prevent harm. Intervention should not cause more harm than good.
- Beneficence: Act in ways that promote patients' well-being.
  - Examples: emotional support, ensuring medical needs are met, comforting a dying patient, and assisting with tasks they cannot perform independently.
- Justice: Give each patient their due and act fairly.
Nurses Add Principles:
- Fidelity: Keep promises, non-abandonment, upholding RN standards.
- Veracity: Tell the truth.
- Accountability: Taking responsibility for actions.
- Privacy: Maintaining patient privacy (HIPPA).
- Confidentiality: Keeping information private.

Non-maleficence Principles

Avoid causing harm or minimize harm (avoiding ACTUAL injury).
- Examples: Holding a medication due to adverse effects, ensuring a safe work environment, selecting interventions that cause the least amount of harm to a patient, reporting suicidal or homicidal ideations.

Ethics & Morals

Ethics: The study of right and wrong principles, virtue, good vs evil as they relate to conduct and human flourishing.
- Bioethics (Medicine/Science): Asks questions such as:
  - What kind of person should I be?
  - What are my duties and obligations to other people?
  - What do I owe the common good or the public?
- Nursing Ethics: A subset of bioethics, focuses on ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing.
Morals: Personal or communal standards of right and wrong.

Principles of Bioethics

Utilitarian:
- Evaluating what is going to happen to this patient (personalized).
- Rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action.
- Action promotes greater good.
Deontological:
- An action is right or wrong independent of its consequences.
- We cannot do that across the board.

Beauchamp & Childress's Principle-Based Approach to Bioethics

Autonomy: Respect the patient's right to make health care decisions and provide education.
Nonmaleficence: Avoid causing or preventing harm. Intervention will NOT cause more harm than good.
Beneficence: Benefit the patient, weighing harms vs risk, prior research studies, “Do good”.
- Requires a nurse to act in ways that promote patients' well-being.
- Examples: emotional support, ensuring medical needs are met, comforting a dying pt, assisting with tasks they cannot perform independently.
Justice: Give each their due and to act fairly.
Fidelity: Keep promises, non-abandonment, upholding RN standards.
Veracity: Tell the truth.
Accountability: Nurses are responsible for their practices.
Privacy: Maintaining patient privacy (HIPPA).
Confidentiality: Keeping information private.

Common Modes of Value Transmission

Modeling: Observation
Moralizing: Instilled value system
Laissez-faire: Child develops on their own, little or no guidance – possible confusion
Rewarding & Punishing: Just what it is.
Responsible choice: Encourages child to explore.

Process of Developing Values

Choosing: Freely choosing from alternatives after careful consideration of the consequences of each alternative.
Prizing (treasuring): Involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation.
Acting: Combining choice into behavior with consistency and regularity on the value.

### Common Medical Errors & Prevention

Common Medical Errors:
- Inappropriate prescribing of the drug
- Extra, omitted, or wrong doses.
- Administration of the drug to the wrong patient
- Administration of the wrong route or rate.
- Failure to give medication within the prescribed time.
- Incorrect preparation of a drug.
- Improper technique when administering the drug.
- Giving a drug that has expired or deteriorated.
If an error occurs:
- Check the patient for adverse effects.
- Advise the nurse manager and physician.
- Write a description of the error in the EMR and quality assurance documentation (incident report).
Prevention:
- Drug Regimen Process
  - Avoid interruptions and distractions.
  - Series of Checks:
    - Nurse
    - Patient
- Reporting Medication Errors
- NEVER LEAVE PREPARED DRUGS UNATTENDED

### Bar-code Medication System

Patient: Has own identifiers (ID, stickers).
Nurse: Has a unique barcode (Omnicell, MAR, COW).
Drug: Has a unique barcode.
- Identifies the drug form, dosage, and NDC (National Drug Code).
Nurse Scans:
- Patient ID first, then the drug:
  - If correct, the system allows administration of the medication.
  - If wrong, the system will not allow the administration of the medication.

Patient Teaching

Medication:
- Describe the medication and what it does to the patient in an understanding language before administration.
Topics of Teaching:
- Name of the drug.
- Dose of the drug.
- Action of the drug.
- The frequency.
- How to store/prepare (discharge).

Comfort and Safety Measures

Make sure the patients can restate the information perfectly to ensure they understand.

### Controlled Substance Handling

Controlled substances on hand must be counted daily
Each outgoing shift must complete a count of all controlled substances
- It should be done with another nurse witness

Common Medical Errors

Inappropriate prescribing of medication
Extra, omitted, or wrong doses
Administering the medication to the wrong route
Lack of administration, or wrong timely administration
Incorrect preparation of medicine
Improper techniques in drug administration
Giving medicine that has expired or deteriorated
If an error happens, the nurse must:
- Check the patient for adverse effects
- Advise the nurse manager and physician
- Write a description of the error in the Electronic Medical Record and quality assurance documentation

Medical Errors - Prevention

Drug Regimen Process Avoid interruptions and distractions during medication administration
Series of Checks
- Nurse
- Patient
Reporting Medication Errors
Never Leave Prepared Drugs Unattended

Bar Code Medication System

Patient has unique identifiers such as an ID band and sticker
Nurse has a unique bar code
For access to Omnicell, Medical Administration Record, and Controlled Substance Overage
Drug has a unique bar code
- The barcode identifies the drug form and dosage
- NDC -> Natural Drug Code
The Nurse scans the patient's ID first and then drug:
- If correct, the system allows the nurse to continue administration
- If incorrect, the system will alert the nurse and disallow the administration

Patient Teaching

Explain the medication and how it impacts the patient in easy-to-understand language
Teach before administration so the patient knows what they are receiving
Topics of teaching include:
- Name
- Dosage
- Action
- Frequency
- Storage/preparation (discharge)

### Values & Ethics

Common Modes of Value Transmission
- Modeling
- Moralizing
- Laissez-faire
- Rewarding & Punishing
- Responsible choice
Process of Developing Values
- Choosing: Freely choosing from alternatives
- Prizing (treasuring): Involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation
- Acting: Combining choice into behaviors with consistency and regularity
Ethics and Morals
- Ethics: The study of right and wrong principles, virtue, good vs. evil as they relate to conduct and human flourishing
  - Bioethics: asks questions such as:
    - What kind of person should I be?
    - What are my duties and obligations to other people?
    - What do I owe the common good or the public?
- Morals: Personal/ communal standards of right and wrong

### Bioethics Principles

Utilitarian Principle: The rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action. This should promote the greater good
Deontologic Principle: An action is right or wrong independent of its consequences

Beauchamp & Childress Principle Based Approach

Autonomy: Respect the patient's rights to make decisions about their health care, provide education
Nonmaleficence: Avoid causing/prevent harm; Intervention will NOT cause more harm than good
Beneficence: Benefit the patient, harms vs risk, prior research studies, “Do good”
Justice: Give each their due and act fairly

Nurse Specific Ethical Principles

Fidelity (Keep promises, non-abandonment, upholding RN standards)
Veracity (tell the truth)
Accountability
Privacy (HIPPA law- maintain patient privacy)
Confidentiality

Non-Maleficence

Avoid causing harm or minimize harm → Avoiding ACTUAL injury
Examples:
- Holding a medication due to adverse effects
- Ensuring a safe work environment
- Selecting interventions that cause the LEAST amount of harm to a patient
- Reporting suicidal or homicidal ideations

### Principles of Pharmacology

Responsibilities in New Jersey
- Prescriber: Orders the medication (prescription)
- Pharmacist: Responsible for preparing the meds
- Nurse: Responsible for administration of the medication
- Checks and balances are in place to prevent errors.
  - If an error is made, the pharmacist or the nurse has time to note it with the 7 "rights"
FDA Process
- Pre-Clinical Phase: Development of the drug
  - Animal testing
  - Toxicity evaluation
  - Sponsoring of the drug
- Investigational Phase: New Drug Application
  - Application is sent to the FDA if the drug meets the criteria
- Clinical Phase
  - New Drug Tested on small groups of people
  - Larger groups: People with diseases for that drug, and usually some placebos
  - Largest group: Patients will be taking the med and further studying effectiveness and safety
- New Drug Review Application Process: FDA Final Review application process and marketing
  - Testing on Human Beings
- Approvals:
Nursing Process of Med Administration
- Assessment
  - Med History
    - Medication Reconciliation - it's a process of questions to know what meds the pt is on, why, when they are taken, when did pt start taking it.
Nursing Ethics: A subset of bioethics; The formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing

### Drug Administration Responsibilities

Prescriber orders medication
Pharmacist prepares the medication
Nurse administers the medication

FDA Drug Review Application

Pre-Clinical Phase: Drug development, animal testing and toxicity analysis
Investigational Phase: Drug application submitted to FDA once criteria are met
Clinical Phase: Drug testing on small groups of people, progressively larger groups with placebo groups, and the largest group involves further study of effectiveness and safety

### Nursing Process of Medication Administration

Assessment includes medication history and medication reconciliation
Nursing ethics a subset of bioethics which focuses on ethical issues arising in nursing practice

### Bioethics Principles

Utilitarian: Rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences, action promotes the greater good
Deontologic: An action is right or wrong regardless of its consequences

### Beauchamp & Childress Principle Based Approach

Autonomy: Respecting patients' rights to make healthcare decisions, providing education
Nonmaleficence: Avoid causing harm, intervention shouldn't cause more harm than good
Beneficence: Benefit the patient, weighing harms vs risks, prior research studies, "Do good"
Justice: Giving each their due and acting fairly
Fidelity: Keeping promises, Non-abandonment, upholding RN standards
Veracity: Telling the truth
Accountability: Being responsible for one's actions
Privacy: Maintaining patient privacy, upholding HIPPA law
Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive patient information

### Non-Maleficence

Avoid causing harm or minimize harm
Examples: holding medication due to potential adverse effects, ensuring a safe work environment, selecting interventions that cause the least amount of harm

Medication Administration Responsibilities

Prescriber: Orders medication.
Pharmacist: Prepares medications.
Nurse: Administers medications.
Checks and Balances: To prevent errors.
- If an error is made, both the Pharmacist & Nurse should note this error using the "7 rights" of medication administration.

FDA Process Overview

Pre Clinical Phase:
- Develops the drug.
- Includes animal testing (toxicity) and sponsoring of the drug.
Investigational Phase:
- New Drug Application (NDA) submitted once the criteria are met.
Clinical Phase:
- New drug tested on small groups of people.
- Larger groups:
  - People with the disease the drug is intended to treat, and often include placebos.
- Largest groups:
  - Patients take the medication while effectiveness and safety are studied further.
New Drug Review Application Process:
- FDA reviews the final application and approves marketing.
- Includes testing on human beings.
Approvals:
- The safety and effectiveness of a medication is reviewed by the FDA before market approval.

Nursing Process of Medication Administration

Assessment:
- Medication history:
- Medication reconciliation:
  - A series of questions to determine what medications the patient is taking, why, when, and how long the patient has been taking the medication.
Nursing Diagnosis:
- Based on the assessment, the nurse identifies relevant nursing diagnoses related to the patient's medication needs, including any potential risks.
Planning:
- The nurse develops a plan of care for medication administration, including goals, interventions, and expected outcomes. This plan follows "The 7 Rights" of medication administration.
Implementation:
- The nurse administers the medication following the plan of care.
- Documentation:
  - Documentation is crucial and includes the medication administration time, dosage, route, and any patient reaction.
Evaluation:
- The nurse monitors the patient's response to the medication.
- Makes adjustments to the plan of care as needed and documents these changes.

Values & Ethics

Common Modes of Value Transmission:
- Modeling: Observing and learning from others' behavior.
- Moralizing: Being instilled with a specific value system (often from parents or religious leaders).
- Laissez-Faire: Freedom to develop values without much guidance.
- Rewarding & Punishing: Values are learned based on consequences.
- Responsible Choice: Encouraging the child to explore and make their own decisions.
Process of Developing Values:
- Choosing: Selecting freely from alternatives after considering all consequences.
- Prizing: Showing pride, happiness, and public affirmation.
- Acting: Consistently and regularly performing actions based on values.
Ethics & Morals:
- Ethics: Study of right and wrong principles, virtues, good vs. evil; how they relate to conduct and human flourishing.
- Bioethics: Focuses on ethical issues in medicine and science.
- Nursing Ethics: Subset of bioethics, a study of ethical issues that arise during the practice of nursing.
- Morals: Personal or communal standards of right and wrong.

Bioethics Principles

Two Main Principles:
- Utilitarian: Rightness or wrongness of an action depends on its consequences and whether it promotes greater good.
- Deontologic: Right or wrong actions are independent of their consequences.
Beauchamp & Childress Principle-Based Approach to Bioethics:
- Autonomy: Respecting patients' rights to make health care decisions; ensuring they receive education.
- Nonmaleficence: Avoiding causing or preventing harm. An intervention should not cause more harm than good.
- Beneficence: Acting in ways to benefit the patient. Harms vs. risks, prior research studies, "do good."
- Justice: Giving each their due and acting fairly.
Nurses Add these Principles:
- Fidelity: Keeping promises, non-abandonment, upholding RN Standards.
- Veracity: Telling the truth.
- Accountability: Being responsible for actions.
- Privacy: Maintaining patient privacy, understanding the HIPAA law.
- Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive patient information.

Non-Maleficence Principles

Avoiding Actual Injury:
- Holding a medication due to adverse effects.
- Ensuring a safe work environment.
- Selecting interventions that cause the least amount of harm to the patient.
- Reporting suicidal or homicidal ideations.
- An intervention should not be inherently negative.
- The action must be meant to have a beneficial impact.
- A positive result cannot be a consequence of an adverse effect.

Bar-code Medication System

Unique Identifiers:
- Patients have their own ID number and stickers.
- Nurses also have unique barcodes for identification.
- Drugs have their own barcodes.
- Barcode identifies:
  - Drug form
  - Dosage
  - NDC (National Drug Code)
    - It's a number, and its unique to each product
Scanning:
- Nurse first scans the patient ID.
- Then scans the medication.
- If correct, the system allows administering the medication.
- If incorrect, the system will alert the nurse and prevent the medication from being administered.

Patient Teaching

What it does:
- Educates the patient about their medications in clear language.
- Teach before administering to ensure understanding.
Topics of Teaching:
- Name of the drug
- Dosage
- Action of the drug
- Frequency
- Storage/Preparation instructions (for discharge)

Common Medical Errors & Prevention

Common Errors:
- Inappropriate prescribing of the medication.
- Extra, omitted, or wrong doses.
- Administering the drug to the wrong patient.
- Administration of the drug through the wrong route or at the wrong rate.
- Failure to give medication within the prescribed time frame.
- Incorrect preparation of the drug.
- Improper technique when administering the drug.
- Giving a drug that is expired or deteriorated.
- If this happens:
  - Check the patient for adverse effects.
  - Advise the nurse manager and physician.
  - Write a description of the error in the EMR and quality assurance documentation (incident report).
Prevention:
- Drug Regimen Process:
  - Avoid interruptions and distractions.
  - Use a series of checks:
    - Nurse check
    - Patient check
- Reporting Medication Errors:
- Never Leave Prepared Drugs Unattended.

Common Medical Errors & Prevention

- *Common Medical Errors:** - **Inappropriate prescribing of the drug:** The medication may not be suitable for the patient's condition or may interact with other medications they are taking. - **Extra, omitted, or wrong doses:** This can lead to overdosing, underdosing, or the wrong drug being administered, with potentially serious consequences for the patient’s health. - **Administration of drug to wrong patient:** This can happen when patient identifications are not verified correctly. - **Administration of the wrong route or rate:** Giving a medication orally when it should be injected or vice versa, or administering the wrong rate of intravenous fluids can have serious health implications. - **Failure to give medication within prescribed time frame:** This can affect medication efficacy and can impact the patient’s treatment. - **Incorrect preparation of a drug:** Mixing medications incorrectly or using the wrong diluent can lead to ineffective or dangerous medication doses. - **Improper technique when administering drug:** Incorrect injection technique or using the wrong equipment can lead to complications. - **Giving a drug that has expired or deteriorated:** Expired drugs may lose their effectiveness or become harmful. - *Prevention:** - **Drug Regimen Process:** - **Avoid interruptions & distraction:** Focus on medication administration and prioritize patient safety over other tasks. - **Series of Checks:** - **Nurse:** Verify the order, patient, medication, dose, route, and time before administration. - **Patient:** Ask the patient for their name and verify their date of birth against their identification bracelet. - **Reporting Medication Errors:** Immediately alert the nurse manager and physician if any medication errors occur. Document the error in the EMR and complete an incident report for quality assurance. - **NEVER LEAVE PREPARED DRUGS UNATTENDED:** This crucial step helps prevent accidental administration or tampering with the medication.

Bar-code Medication System

Patient has own identifiers: Each patient has a unique identification number or stickers attached to their wristband.
Nurse has a unique barcode: Nurses have their own barcode, typically worn as a badge.
Drug has a unique barcode: Each medication container has a unique barcode that identifies the drug form, dosage, and National Drug Code (NDC).
Nurse scans patient ID first, than the drug: This two-step process validates the patient's identity and confirms that the nurse is administering the correct medication to the right patient. If all the information matches, the system allows the nurse to continue.
If it is right, it will allow you to continue administering the medication.
If it is wrong, the system will tell you and not let you continue.

Patient Teaching

Describe the medication and what it does to the patient in an understanding language: Use plain language that the patient can easily understand without using medical jargon, explaining the medication to the patient before administering it so they know what's being given.
Topics of teaching:
Name of the drug: Clearly identify the medication.
Dose of the drug: Explain the amount of medication they are receiving.
Action of the drug: Describe what the medication is intended to do and how it will help the patient.
The frequency: Inform the patient how often they need to take the medication.
How to store/prepare (discharge): Provide any necessary storage information or instructions for preparing the medication at home.

What OTC and holistic, alternative, therapies should be avoided

This information is not included in the text provided. It is important to always consult with a healthcare professional before taking any over-the-counter medications or using holistic, alternative therapies, particularly if you are currently taking prescription medications or have any underlying health conditions. They can help advise on potential interactions and risks.

Comfort and Safety Measures

Make sure the patient can restate the information perfectly to know that they understand: Reinforce patient education by asking them to repeat the information in their own words. This ensures they grasp the key points and can correctly follow medication instructions.

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Description

This quiz explores the roles of healthcare professionals in drug administration within New Jersey, including prescribers, pharmacists, and nurses. It also covers the FDA drug approval process from pre-clinical to clinical phases, focusing on the importance of checks and balances. Test your knowledge on these vital aspects of medication management.