30 Questions
Which form of a drug crosses membranes?
Non-ionized form
What is the effect of pH on drug absorption?
It determines whether the drug is ionized or non-ionized
In what equilibrium do weak acids or weak bases exist?
Non-ionized or unionized forms
Which form of a drug is better renally excreted?
Ionized form
What happens to ionized forms of drugs in the filtrate?
They are trapped and not excreted
Why is lactulose useful in hepatic encephalopathy?
It causes ammonia to become ammonium
What term is used to describe the action of the body on drugs?
Metabolism
Which factor primarily determines the route(s) of drug administration?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the main characteristic of a drug according to the text?
Biological function changes
What does Vol. of distribution refer to in pharmacokinetics?
The extent of drug distribution in the body
Which process involves the breakdown of drugs into metabolites?
Biotransformation
What is the purpose of understanding pharmacokinetics in medication administration?
Ensuring safe and accurate use of medications
What is the main factor affecting the calculation of apparent volume of distribution (Vd)?
Percentage of drug bound to plasma proteins
How does a high Vd value compare to a low Vd value?
High Vd indicates extensive tissue sequestration
What is the significance of knowing the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) in the clinical setting?
Calculating the loading dose of a drug
Which barrier limits the passage of only lipid-soluble drugs or those transported by facilitated diffusion to reach the brain?
Blood-brain barrier
What factor influences the duration of action of CNS drugs more than the half-life after an initial dose?
Redistribution rate into fat tissues
How does the blood/fat ratio influence the rate of redistribution and duration of action for a second dose of a drug?
Lower blood/fat ratio results in slower redistribution
What is the process of distribution of a drug from the systemic circulation to organs and tissue?
Distribution
Which factor may increase the 'free fraction' of a drug in the body, potentially enhancing its effects?
Decreased plasma protein binding
What is the term for the equilibrium between bound and free drug molecules in plasma?
Drug-Protein Complex
Which type of drugs are prone to drug interactions due to their high plasma protein binding and narrow therapeutic range?
Drugs with high plasma protein binding and narrow therapeutic range
What is the area under the curve (AUC) that represents the horizontally striped area known as?
AUCIV
With oral drug administration, where do drugs get absorbed initially?
Into the portal circulation
What type of reaction involves the addition of a water molecule with subsequent bond breakage?
Hydrolysis
Which genetic polymorphism is associated with local anesthetics and succinylcholine?
Pseudocholinesterases
Monoamine oxidases are involved in the metabolism of which neurotransmitters?
Dopamine and serotonin
Alcohols are metabolized to aldehydes and then to acids by which enzymes?
Dehydrogenases
Which phase of biotransformation involves conjugation with endogenous compounds?
Phase II
Depletion of which compound in the liver is associated with acetaminophen hepatotoxicity?
Glutathione
Explore the factors affecting the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation, including lipid and water solubility, surface area, vascularity, and concentration gradients. Learn the importance of drug form and properties in permeation through lipid bilayers and aqueous phases.
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