Drawbacks and Applications of Market-Based Approaches for Air Quality Management

_______ inventory: determine types of sources and amount of air pollutants emitted

Modeling: estimate pollutant concentration using mathematical equations --> gives overall pictures of air _______

Air quality guidelines (WHO): a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant --> apply _______

________ air quality standards (AAQS): legal limits of pollutants in the air during a stipulated time period

Air pollution criteria: scientific knowledge Describe expected effects when ambient concentration reach or exceed certain levels for a specified period Criteria are results of scientific _______

Integrated Air Quality Management Example: Air Pollution Criteria for Ozone _______

CAC is normally not cost-effective, especially when AAQS are more stringent. AAQS stands for Ambient Air Quality Standards. CAC stands for ________

MBI drawbacks include being complicated and requiring an intensive monitoring program. MBI stands for ________

The Integrated Air Quality Management approach offers incentives or subsidies for air pollution control and creates a market for ________ trading.

One of the MBI applications mentioned is taxation on NOx and S in Europe. NOx refers to ________ oxide.

In developing countries, there has been a tax on leaded gasoline. Lead is known to have adverse effects on ________ health.

During the Olympics in Beijing in 2008, extra temporary control measures were taken to improve air quality, such as keeping nearly one half of vehicles off-road. This led to a decline in PM2.5 concentration by about ________%.

An Air Quality Index of above 80 may result in decreased pulmonary function in exercising adults and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as per the ______

An Air Quality Index of 2000 may lead to severe cough and cracked, stretched rubber, according to the description provided for ______

An Air Quality Index of 120 may cause above 15% FEV decrement in 8.3% of children exposed, according to the ______

The WHO guideline from 2005 and NAAQS India from 2009 set the acceptable pollutant concentration level at ______

The NAAQS Thailand specifies an Air Quality Index of >80 leads to decreased pulmonary function in exercising adults and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections above ______ exposure

The annual standards for TSP in the US are set at 330 µg/m³, while for PM2.5, the standards are 24 hours at 50 µg/m³ and 1 year at ______ µg/m³

The US defines two classifications for AAQS: Primary to protect public health and Secondary to protect public welfare and properties. The short-term exposure durations are either 1-hour, 8-hour, or ______

The acceptable concentration level for O3 for 8-hour averaging time is set at 0.07 ppm in the US NAAQS, while for SO2, it is ______

The NAAQS of Vietnam specifies an Air Quality Index of 100 leads to increased airway resistance, according to the ______

An Air Quality Index of 2000 may result in severe cough and cracked, stretched rubber, according to the descriptions provided for ______