20 Questions
Which type of compounds are the simplest organic compounds?
Hydrocarbons
What is unique about carbon atoms compared to other elements?
They can form stable covalent bonds with each other and with atoms of other elements
Why are compounds containing carbonate ions not considered part of organic chemistry?
They contain carbon and oxygen
In organic chemistry, compounds are divided into families based on what?
Functional groups
Why are compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions not considered part of organic chemistry?
They are not covalent compounds
What products are formed when alkanes undergo complete combustion?
Carbon dioxide and water
Which halogen combines explosively with most hydrocarbons?
Fluorine
What is formed when chlorine reacts with methane?
Methyl chloride
Which alkane has the highest boiling point?
Decane
According to the text, what is the relationship between stability and reactivity of halogens?
The more reactive, the less stable
Which type of carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms?
Tertiary (3°) carbon atom
What is the molecular formula for an alkane with 'n' carbon atoms?
$C_nH_{2n+2}$
What shape does the methane molecule have?
Tetrahedral
Which type of structural formula is most condensed?
Line-angle formula
What are hydrocarbons made up of?
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
How are structural formulas of alkanes usually drawn?
As condensed or line-angle formulas
What system is used to name alkanes by identifying the longest continuous chain and numbering its carbon atoms?
IUPAC system
How are substituents named in alkanes?
Alphabetically
What happens to the boiling points of alkanes as the number of carbon atoms increases?
They increase
Study Notes
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms and the general formula CnH2n+2.
- Structural formulas of alkanes can be drawn as condensed or line-angle formulas.
- IUPAC system is used to name alkanes by identifying the longest continuous chain (LCC) and numbering its carbon atoms, with the lowest number given to the carbon atoms with attached substituents.
- Substituents are named alphabetically, and prefixes like iso, neo, and cyclo, indicate the substitution and the position.
- The last alkyl group must be attached to the name of the parent alkane.
- Cycloalkanes are cyclic hydrocarbons with single bonds and the simplest one having the formula C3H6.
- IUPAC names for cycloalkanes are formed by adding the prefix "cyclo-" to the name of the open-chain compound with the same number of carbon atoms.
- Alkanes and cycloalkanes are non-polar and insoluble in water, and their solubility decreases as the carbon atoms increase.
- Alkanes and cycloalkanes have lower densities (0.6-0.8 g/ml) than water (1 g/ml) and float on the water surface.
- Boiling points for alkanes and cycloalkanes increase with the number of carbon atoms, but decrease as branching increases in alkanes.
- Alkanes from C1-4 are gases, while alkanes from C5-17 are liquids, and alkanes with more than 17 carbon atoms are solids.
Test your understanding of drawing condensed and line-angle formulas for organic compounds. Practice drawing the condensed formula from a given structural formula and vice versa.
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