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Domains of Learning

• Cognitive learning involves developing new knowledge and applying it.
• Affective learning is the expression of feelings, beliefs, and attitudes that influence decision-making.
• Psychomotor learning pertains to acquiring skills involving mental and muscular activity, progressing from simple to complex actions.

Erikson's Developmental Model

• Each stage presents a unique solution and conflict to resolve.
• Successful completion of each stage is necessary to progress to the next.
• The 8 critical stages encompass infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, school-age, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood.
• Infancy is characterized by the conflict of trust vs. mistrust.
• Toddlerhood features the conflict of autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
• Preschool is defined by initiative vs. guilt.
• School-age focuses on industry vs. inferiority.
• Adolescence is marked by identity vs. role confusion.
• Young adulthood is centered on intimacy vs. isolation.
• Middle adulthood involves generativity vs. stagnation.
• Older adulthood is characterized by ego integrity vs. despair.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

• Development must precede learning.
• This theory applies to individuals from birth to 15 years old.
• The sensorimotor stage (0-24 months) involves reflexes and object permanence.
• The pre-operational stage (2-6 years) includes advancing language and movement, along with magical thinking.
• The concrete operational stage (7-11 years) utilizes logical approaches to problem-solving, cause, and effect.
• The formal operational stage (11-15 years) is characterized by true logical thoughts, abstract concepts, and morality.

Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development

• Learning exceeds development, which contrasts Piaget's theory.
• Cultural, social, political, and individual influences on learning are central.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

• Emphasizes ethics of justice.
• The pre-conventional stage includes children and some animals.
• The conventional stage includes adolescents and adults.
• The post-conventional stage involves individuals vs. society.

Gillian's Theory of Moral Development

• Women scored lower on the Koehler tool.
• Suggests different moral development processes exist in women.
• Women think and act based on caring and relationships.

Behavioral-Biological Development

• Genetics play a role.
• Environmental experiences can change gene function.
• Has implications for disease development.

Infant Development

• The developmental task of infancy is physiological equilibrium.
• Stimulation and environmental intervention is important.
• Infants require auditory and visual stimuli.
• Concepts of infant development include trust vs. mistrust and the sensorimotor period.

Infant Nutrition

• Breastfeeding is "the perfect food" and is exclusively preferred for the first 6 months, continuing for the first year and beyond.
• Introduction to solid foods should occur at 4-6 months, but waiting until 6 months is recommended to lower the chance of food allergies.
• Essential infant nutrients include vitamin D supplementation (if breastfed) and iron fortification by 6 months.

Infant Elimination

• Breastfed infants tend to have softer stools with a clean smell.
• Bottle-fed infants have harder, smellier stools.
• Urinary elimination occurs 6-12 times per day.
• Defecation/voiding is involuntary.

Infant Sleep

• Newborns sleep about 80% of the time.
• Infants sleep 12 hours daily for the first 12 months.
• Naps occur 2-3 times per day.
• It's important to avoid a firm sleep schedule.
• There is a risk of crib death.

Toddler Development

• Toddlerhood spans years 1-3.
• Toddlers experience great growth changes.
• They gain command of motor, cognitive, and behavioral skills at a rapid rate.
• The sensorimotor stage involves solving problems rather than simply repeating behaviors and autonomy vs. shame and doubt, with the motto "me do it".

Prenatal and Pregnancy Care

• Nutrition is the science of optional cellular metabolism and its impact on health and disease.
• Self-management is the ability to participate in activities to maintain health.
• A healthcare team can develop a plan of care.

Canada's Food Guide

• Promotes healthy eating habits and simplifies nutrition information.
• It is an online resource and mobile-friendly.

Healthy Eating Guidelines

• Eat a variety of foods each day, including fruits and vegetables (1/2 of your plate), protein (1/4 of your plate), and whole grain foods (1/4 of your plate).
• Make water your primary drink choice.
• Be mindful of eating habits, cook often, enjoy food, and eat meals with others.

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)

• DRIs replaced recommended dietary allowances (RDAs).
• DRIs serve as a guide for good nutrition and healthy policy.

Macronutrients (Class 8)

• Macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts.
• They provide the body with energy.
• The percentages are: Proteins (10-35%), fats (20-35%), carbohydrates (45-65%), totaling 100%.

Carbohydrates

• Fuel high-intensity exercise and the central nervous system (CNS) and brain.
• Food sources include grain, dairy, and fruit.

Protein

• Food sources include meat, fish, tofu, dairy, eggs, nuts, and seeds.

Fats

• Provide energy reserves.
• Protect vital organs.
• Food sources include oils, butter, nuts, seeds, meat, fish, and dairy.

Micronutrients (Class 8)

• Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

• Is needed to release energy in food.
• Prevents beriberi.
• Food sources include meat, whole grains, dried beans, peas, and peanuts.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

• Is needed to build and maintain the body's tissues.
• Food sources include organ meats, meat, eggs, green and yellow veggies, and enriched flour.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

• Helps develop the nervous system.
• Is involved in the reproduction of blood.
• Helps break down things to produce energy in the body.
• Food sources include meat, fish, nuts, beans, veggies, yeast, and rice.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

• Promotes proper growth and development of the nervous system.
• Food sources include meats, dairy, and eggs.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

• Helps form growth hormones.
• Is needed to build strong gums, teeth, and bones.
• Food sources include citrus fruits, cabbage, berries, and peppers.

Folic Acid

• Helps build DNA and protein.
• Helps maintain the intestinal tract.
• Aids in bone growth.
• Food sources include dark green leafy vegetables, yeast, and wheat germ.

Vitamin A (Retinal)

• Supports vision and healthy skin and hair.
• The body can make it from some veggies that have carotene like carrots.
• Food sources include milk, butter, eggs, cheese, and liver.

Vitamin D

• Promotes strong teeth and bones and prevents rickets.
• Food sources include milk, cod liver oil, tuna, salmon, and egg yolks.
• Produced by the body when exposed to the sun.

Vitamin E

• Prevents damage to cell membranes.
• Works with vitamin A, and aids in blood production.
• Food sources include seeds and nuts and vegetable oil.

Vitamin K

• Aids in blood clotting.
• Food sources include green leafy vegetables.
• Produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
• Newborns receive a vitamin K injection to aid with blood clotting.

Calcium (Ca2+)

• Maintains teeth and bone.
• Helps blood clot.
• Helps nerve and muscle function.
• Food sources include cheese, milk, sardines, clams, oysters, dark green vegetables, and legumes.

Potassium (K)

• Regulates cellular water balance.
• Helps nerve function and is important in heart rhythm.
• Food sources include oranges, bananas, meat, poultry, fish, cereal, potatoes, and dried beans.

Sodium (Na)

• Regulates water balance and stimulates nerves.
• Food sources include table salt, meat, fish, eggs, and milk.

Iron (Fe)

• Forms blood cells.
• Transports oxygen throughout the body.
• Food sources include liver, red meats, dark vegetables, whole grain cereals, and shellfish.

Zinc (Zn)

• Aids in the transport of carbon dioxide.
• Aids in healing wounds and forms enzymes.
• Food sources include meats, shellfish, whole grains, milk, and legumes.

Antioxidants

• Delay or prevent cell damage.
• Found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables.
• Examples include beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, selenium, and vitamins A, C, and E.

Evidence

• Testimony of facts tending to prove or disapprove a conclusion.
• Used to guide practice

Qualitative Research

• Poses questions about nursing phenomena that cannot be quantified or measured.
• Designs include phenomenology, ground theory, ethnography, participatory action research, social and health problems, and a case study.
• Phenomenology involves learning and constructing the meaning of human experience.
• Ground theory is a method of systematically collecting data on events as they happen.
• Ethnography focuses on scientific description and interpretation.
• Participatory action research combines exploration, reflection, and action.
• Social and health problems studies involve participant observation.
• Case studies review commonalities of a particular case.

Quantitative Research

• Can be measured and quanitified and involves numbers.
• Designs include experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental.
• Experimental designs involve pre-test, post-test clinical trials.
• Quasi-experimental designs are when the researcher initiates an experimental treatment.
• Non-experimental designs are survey studies.

Quality Improvement Research

• Gathers data on health outcomes to gauge the quality of care provided.
• Is a goal of nursing research.

Levels of Research Evidence

• Level I (best): systematic review, evidence-based clinical practice, and three or more RTCs of good quality with similar results.
• Level II: one or two well-designed RCTs.
• Level III: one or more well-designed controlled trails without randomization.
• Level IV: one or more well-designed case-control or cohort studies.
• Level V: systematic reviews or qualitative studies.
• Level VI: a single descriptive or qualitative study.
• Level VII (worst): opinions.

Evidence-Informed Decision Making

• The use of evidence from research using a variety of methodologies within the framework of clinical judgment.
• Utilizes research in nursing practice.