Development Theories and Domains Quiz

Domains of Development

• Development encompasses physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains.
• Physical: Body growth, brain development, motor skills, and senses.
• Cognitive: Thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language.
• Social-Emotional: Emotions, relationships, personality, and social skills.

Theories of Development

• Theories explain human behavior and development.
• Psychosexual Theory (Freud): Personality develops through five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital). Unresolved conflicts can affect adulthood.
• Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget): Children learn through stages, from sensory to abstract thinking. Four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
• Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky): Learning is shaped by social interactions and culture.
• Social Learning Theory (Bandura): Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others ("modeling").

Key Theorists & Contributions

• Jean Piaget: Cognitive development, four stages.
• Erik Erikson: Psychosocial development, eight stages.
• Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual development, unconscious desires.
• Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural development, social interactions guide learning.

Key Concepts & Research Methods

• Scaffolding: Temporary support helping learners master tasks.
• Observational Study: Observing and recording behavior without intervention.
• Plasticity: The brain's ability to change and adapt.
• Case Study: In-depth study of one individual or group.

Skinner Box Experiment (Operant Conditioning)

• Study of how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments.
• Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior.

Nature vs. Nurture

• Nature: Development influenced by genetics (biology).
• Nurture: Development shaped by environment and experience.
• Development often results from a combination of both nature and nurture.

Infant Development

• SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome): Unexplained infant death, often during sleep. Risk factors: stomach sleeping, soft bedding, smoke. Prevention: Back-sleeping, firm mattress, no loose blankets.
• Feeding: Breastfeeding provides natural immunity and bonding. Formula feeding is an alternative.

Motor Skills & Reflexes

• Motor Skills:
• Gross Motor Skills: Large muscle movements (walking, jumping).
• Fine Motor Skills: Small muscle movements (holding a pencil).
• Reflexes: Automatic responses in newborns (rooting, sucking, grasping, moro).

Language Development

• Language Milestones: Cooing, babbling, holophrastic speech (one-word communication), child-directed speech (parentese).

Piaget's Sensorimotor Substages (Birth - 2 Years)

• Stages: Reflexive, Primary Circular Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, Coordination of Secondary Schemes, Tertiary Circular Reactions, Mental Representation.
• Each stage builds on the previous, leading to the development of symbolic thought.

Study Tips

• Create flashcards for key terms.
• Practice multiple-choice.
• Explain concepts to others.
• Use mnemonics and acronyms.
• Get adequate sleep and nutrition before exams.

Final Reminders

• Review key theorists.
• Understand theory differences.
• Master milestones (motor, language).
• Know SIDS.
• Understand Piaget's stages.

Test your knowledge on the various domains of development including physical, cognitive, and social-emotional aspects. Explore key theories by prominent theorists like Freud, Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bandura that explain human behavior and development across different stages. Dive in to understand the dynamics of growth and learning!