Does Alex's Self-Esteem Impact Their Warm and Extraverted Behavior?

Encoding and decoding.

Vestiges of once useful reactions.

There are 6 universal emotions.

There may be more than 6 universal emotions.

A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion.

Culturally determined rules about which emotional expressions are appropriate to show.

Social perception is the study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them based on observable behavior.

Some examples of non-verbal communication include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, use of touch, and eye gaze.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors when explaining the behavior of others.

Automatic processing in social perception refers to fast, nonconscious, and often involuntary responses, while controlled processing is a more deliberate and conscious cognitive process.

We form first impressions of others based on observable behavior and make inferences about their traits and characteristics.

Non-human animals also have social perception and can engage in behaviors that involve communication and perception of others, such as dogs displaying 'play bows'.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal or dispositional factors, while underestimating the role of situational factors.

Perceptual salience refers to the information that is the focus of people's attention, leading to an overestimation of its causal role and a neglect of situational influences.

The actor/observer difference is the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional factors, while focusing more on situational factors when explaining one's own behavior.

Self-serving attributions refer to the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and blame failures on external situational factors.

Defensive attributions are explanations for behavior that are used to avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality.

Collectivist cultures are less susceptible to the fundamental attribution error due to their top-down knowledge and emphasis on group identity.

Defensive attribution is the tendency to attribute negative events or outcomes to external factors in order to protect one's self-esteem. An example from the text is the belief in a just world, where people assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people.

In the study conducted by Lerner and Simmons, participants observed a learner being shocked. Some participants were going to view another session, while others had the opportunity to vote about switching to a reward session. The findings showed that participants in the viewing condition were more likely to blame the victim and vote for compensation.

The bias blind spot refers to the tendency to believe that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are.

Two examples mentioned in the text are victims of disease and victims of rape/sexual assault.

The concept of a just world belief is the belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. It is a form of defensive attribution where individuals assume that the world operates in a fair and just manner.

The purpose of defensive attributions is to protect one's self-esteem and maintain a sense of control and stability in the face of negative events or outcomes.

Implicit personality theories are the beliefs and assumptions that individuals hold about how certain traits or characteristics are related to each other.

Implicit personality theories are tied to culture, meaning that cultural factors can shape the specific traits or characteristics that individuals associate with each other.

Attribution theory is the study of how people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior.

The two types of attributions are internal attributions, which refer to inferring that a person's behavior is due to something about their attitude, character, or personality, and external attributions, which refer to inferring that a person's behavior is due to something about the situation they are in.

The covariation model is a theory stating that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational factors.