DNA vs RNA and Protein Synthesis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between DNA and RNA?

  • Both have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
  • Both are found in the nucleus only. (correct)
  • Both are nucleic acids.
  • Both are composed of nucleotides.

Which of the following sequences represents the bases of DNA?

  • A, U, C, G
  • A, G, C, T
  • A, T, C, G (correct)
  • A, T, U, G

What process involves DNA serving as a template to make mRNA?

  • Transcription (correct)
  • Translation
  • Recombination
  • Replication

In which location does translation occur in the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct definition of a codon?

<p>A three nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are necessary for translation to produce an amino acid chain?

<p>mRNA, tRNA, ribosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for an anticodon to successfully add an amino acid during translation?

<p>It must be complementary to the codon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ribosome consist of?

<p>rRNA and proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs if a mutation alters the DNA sequence CCC to CAC?

<p>Codes for Valine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of RNA polymerase malfunctioning in a cell?

<p>mRNA will not be formed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes?

<p>tRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, what is produced from DNA?

<p>mRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a point mutation in the operator of the lac operon?

<p>Repressor cannot bind, leading to transcription regardless of lactose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the lac operon's repressor protein is nonfunctional?

<p>Continuous transcription occurs even without lactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the functioning of the lac operon is incorrect?

<p>Transcription is controlled by multiple promoters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hereditary material found in all living cells?

<p>DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, how does genetic information flow?

<p>From DNA to RNA to protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If mRNA cannot bind to rRNA, what will be the most likely outcome?

<p>No protein synthesis will occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the operator in the lac operon?

<p>To bind regulatory proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the function of RNA polymerase crucial to protein synthesis?

<p>It transcribes mRNA from DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tRNA vital during the process of translation?

<p>It helps decode mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the repressor binds to the operator in the lac operon?

<p>Transcription of the lac genes is inhibited (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA vs. RNA Similarity

Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids composed of nucleotides with a sugar-phosphate backbone and four types of bases.

Location of RNA

RNA is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell.

DNA Replication

The process where DNA makes two identical copies of itself in a semiconservative way.

Transcription

DNA serves as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA).

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Translation

mRNA directs the synthesis of an amino acid chain to create a protein.

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Codon

A three-nucleotide mRNA sequence coding for a specific amino acid.

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Translation Components

Translation requires mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes in the cytoplasm to create a protein.

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tRNA Anticodon

The part of tRNA that matches the codon in mRNA to correctly add amino acids to the growing protein chain.

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DNA mutation effect on amino acid

A change in the DNA sequence can lead to a different amino acid being incorporated during protein synthesis.

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RNA polymerase malfunction

If RNA polymerase is not working correctly, mRNA will not be produced, and protein synthesis will not occur correctly.

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tRNA function

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

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Transcription process

Transcription is the process of copying DNA information into mRNA.

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Lac operon operator mutation

A mutation in the lac operon's operator can prevent the repressor protein from binding, leading to unregulated gene expression.

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Nonfunctional repressor protein

A nonfunctional repressor protein will allow for transcription of the lac operon genes even when lactose is absent.

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Lac operon malfunction (inaccurate)

An inaccurate statement about the lac operon is that lactose binds to the operator when present, altering its shape.

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Hereditary material

DNA is the hereditary material in all cells.

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Central Dogma

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

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mRNA function

mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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rRNA function

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes, where proteins are assembled.

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tRNA function

tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

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Lac Operon

A group of genes in bacteria that regulate the metabolism of lactose.

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Amino acid transfer during translation

tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes to build a polypeptide chain based on mRNA's instructions.

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Study Notes

DNA vs RNA Similarities

  • Both are nucleic acids
  • Both are composed of nucleotides
  • Both have a sugar-phosphate backbone
  • Both have four different types of bases

DNA vs RNA Differences

  • DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm and RNA is found only in the nucleus
  • DNA is the genetic material, RNA is used for protein synthesis
  • DNA bases are A, T, C, G; RNA bases are A, U, C, G
  • DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded

DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

  • DNA Replication: DNA makes two identical copies of itself in a semiconservative way.
  • Transcription: DNA serves as a template to make mRNA.
  • Translation: mRNA directs the synthesis of amino acid chains.

Codon Definition

  • A 3-nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid

Translation Components

  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • Ribosome

Codon Table Examples

  • CAU: Histidine
  • AUA: Isoleucine
  • UGG: Tryptophan

Ribosome Composition

  • Ribosome composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins

tRNA Structure

  • A: Amino Acid
  • B: Anticodon

Anticodon Matching

  • Anticodon must perfectly match the codon in the mRNA during translation

Mutation Example (DNA to Amino Acid)

  • DNA sequence CCC (Glycine) -> CAC (Valine)

RNA Polymerase Malfunction

  • mRNA will not be formed.

Amino Acid Transfer

  • tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes

Transcription Process

  • DNA is transcribed into mRNA

Lac Operon Operator Mutation

  • Mutation prevents repressor binding even when lactose is absent

Lac Operon Repressor Malfunction

  • Transcription of lactose-metabolizing genes even without lactose

Lac Operon Inaccurate Statement

  • When lactose is present, it binds to the operator, changing its shape (Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape)

Hereditary Material

  • DNA

Central Dogma

  • Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

Genetic Code Inaccurate Statement

  • The genetic code is organized in doublets (The genetic code is organized in triplets, i.e., codons)

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