DNA and RNA Structure and Function

Study Notes

DNA Structure and Function

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, crucial organic molecules.
DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information; it's located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins.
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA nitrogenous bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine.
Base pairing in DNA: A with T, and C with G.

RNA Structure and Function

RNA differs from DNA in:
- RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine.
- RNA is single-stranded; DNA is double-stranded.
- RNA sugar is ribose; DNA sugar is deoxyribose.
Three main types of RNA are crucial for protein synthesis:
- mRNA (messenger RNA): carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
- tRNA (transfer RNA): brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): forms the ribosomes, the protein synthesis site.

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis involves two main steps:
- Transcription: in the nucleus, mRNA creates a complementary copy of a DNA sequence. A three-base-pair sequence in mRNA is known as a codon.
  - Example: DNA: TAC GGG GTG ATG; mRNA: AUG CCC CAC UAC.
- Translation: occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons. Amino acids bond together forming a polypeptide chain which becomes a protein.
  - Example: mRNA codons: AUG CCC CAC UAC; tRNA anticodons: UAC GGG GUG AUG; amino acids: met - pro - his - tyr
Understanding the mRNA codon table is essential for determining the resulting amino acid sequence.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering involves intentionally altering DNA to modify an organism's characteristics.
Recombinant DNA: combining DNA from two or more different organisms.
Genetically modified organism (GMO): an organism altered using recombinant DNA, such as bacteria producing human insulin.
Bacterial plasmid: a circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, utilized in recombinant DNA techniques.
Viral vector: a modified virus used to deliver genes into cells.
CRISPR-Cas9: a revolutionary gene-editing technique, derived from bacteria, and involves cutting DNA at specific locations using an RNA guide. CRISPR is made of two parts: an enzyme (Cas9) that cuts DNA, and a piece of RNA (guide RNA) that guides the enzyme to the target location in the DNA chain to edit it.

Description

Explore the essential concepts of DNA and RNA including their structures, functions, and roles in genetics. This quiz covers the key differences between DNA and RNA, as well as the significance of nucleotides and base pairing. Test your knowledge on genetic information, protein synthesis, and the various types of RNA.