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Questions and Answers
What is the first step of protein expression?
What is the first step of protein expression?
Which type of RNA acts as the template for protein synthesis?
Which type of RNA acts as the template for protein synthesis?
What is the sugar component of RNA nucleotides?
What is the sugar component of RNA nucleotides?
Which nitrogenous base is present in RNA instead of DNA?
Which nitrogenous base is present in RNA instead of DNA?
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Where does translation occur in the cell?
Where does translation occur in the cell?
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What brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
What brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding DNA and RNA?
Which of the following statements is true regarding DNA and RNA?
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What constitutes the primary structural components of cells?
What constitutes the primary structural components of cells?
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Which option correctly describes the central dogma of biology?
Which option correctly describes the central dogma of biology?
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In how many steps does protein expression occur?
In how many steps does protein expression occur?
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What is the first step in the central dogma of biology?
What is the first step in the central dogma of biology?
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What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?
What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?
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During transcription, which base in DNA is replaced by which base in RNA?
During transcription, which base in DNA is replaced by which base in RNA?
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What is a codon?
What is a codon?
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What signals the end of the transcription process?
What signals the end of the transcription process?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA produced during transcription?
Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA produced during transcription?
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Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?
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What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
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In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously because:
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously because:
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What is the universal start codon for protein synthesis?
What is the universal start codon for protein synthesis?
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Protein expression only involves the process of translation.
Protein expression only involves the process of translation.
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During transcription, the DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
During transcription, the DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
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DNA is made up of ribose sugar, while RNA contains deoxyribose sugar.
DNA is made up of ribose sugar, while RNA contains deoxyribose sugar.
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Uracil is found in RNA but is replaced by Thymine in DNA.
Uracil is found in RNA but is replaced by Thymine in DNA.
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Translation occurs on ribosomes and requires the help of tRNA.
Translation occurs on ribosomes and requires the help of tRNA.
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The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA.
The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA.
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Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded molecules.
Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded molecules.
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Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA.
Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA.
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All proteins are enzymes, making protein expression vital for cellular function.
All proteins are enzymes, making protein expression vital for cellular function.
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The sugar component in RNA nucleotides is called ribonucleic acid.
The sugar component in RNA nucleotides is called ribonucleic acid.
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Transcription involves the process of synthesizing proteins directly from DNA.
Transcription involves the process of synthesizing proteins directly from DNA.
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In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
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The anticodon of tRNA pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA during translation.
The anticodon of tRNA pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA during translation.
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The start codon for translation is UAG.
The start codon for translation is UAG.
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RNA polymerase requires a primer to synthesize RNA during transcription.
RNA polymerase requires a primer to synthesize RNA during transcription.
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During transcription, thymine in the DNA is replaced by uracil in the RNA.
During transcription, thymine in the DNA is replaced by uracil in the RNA.
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Codons consist of three nucleotides and correspond to individual amino acids during translation.
Codons consist of three nucleotides and correspond to individual amino acids during translation.
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Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use ribosomes for the process of transcription.
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use ribosomes for the process of transcription.
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Translation begins with the amino acid tyrosine as the first amino acid for all proteins.
Translation begins with the amino acid tyrosine as the first amino acid for all proteins.
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The process of translation can occur simultaneously with transcription in prokaryotic cells.
The process of translation can occur simultaneously with transcription in prokaryotic cells.
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Study Notes
DNA to Protein: The Central Dogma
- Protein expression is crucial for cell structure and function.
- All enzymes are proteins, and proteins form organelles, flagella, cilia, peptidoglycan, ribosomes, etc.
- Protein expression (creation) is called the central dogma of biology.
Two Steps: Transcription and Translation
- Transcription: RNA polymerase copies a gene from DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA).
- Translation: mRNA, with the help of ribosomes and tRNAs (transfer RNAs), creates proteins. tRNAs read mRNA and bring amino acids (protein building blocks).
RNA vs. DNA
- DNA: Double helix, made of nucleotides (deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base - A, T, C, G)
- RNA: Single stranded, made of nucleotides (ribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base - A, U, C, G). Uracil replaces Thymine.
Transcription Details
- RNA polymerase: Enzyme that reads DNA and creates a complementary RNA strand.
- Promoter: DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
- Termination sequence: DNA sequence that stops transcription.
- RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
- No helicase, primer, or other replication enzymes are necessary, unlike DNA replication.
Translation Details
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- mRNA: Contains the genetic code for a protein.
- tRNA (transfer RNA): Has an anticodon that matches mRNA codons, bringing in the correct amino acid for each codon.
- Codon: Three nucleotides on mRNA that specify one amino acid.
- Translation proceeds from the start codon (AUG) to the stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA).
- Universal Genetic Code: The same codons code for the same amino acids in all life forms. The code is redundant (multiple codons for an amino acid)
Ribosomes and Translation Process
- Ribosomes have an A site, P site, E site (exit site) that facilitate the binding of tRNAs, creation of peptide bonds, and release of empty tRNAs.
- The ribosome moves along the mRNA, one codon at a time, adding amino acids to form the polypeptide chain.
- Translation stops when a stop codon is encountered.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.
- Eukaryotes: Transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation in the cytoplasm. Introns (noncoding regions) must be removed from the pre-mRNA before translation.
- Operons are unique to prokaryotes.
Mutations
- Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence.
- Spontaneous mutations: Happen continuously, at a low rate.
- Mutagens: Environmental factors (chemicals, radiation) that increase mutation frequency.
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Types of mutations:
-
Substitution mutations (point mutations): One nucleotide is changed.
- Missense mutation: The changed nucleotide codes for a different amino acid.
- Nonsense mutation: The changed nucleotide codes for a premature stop codon.
- Frameshift mutations (insertion/deletion): One or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted, altering the reading frame, impacting all subsequent amino acids.
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Substitution mutations (point mutations): One nucleotide is changed.
- Excision repair: Process for fixing damaged DNA, crucial for maintaining genetic information.
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Description
Explore the essential process of protein expression through the central dogma of biology, which includes transcription and translation. Understand the differences between DNA and RNA, and the roles of RNA polymerase in synthesizing mRNA. This quiz will test your knowledge on these fundamental biological concepts.
