Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the correct sequence for the central dogma processes?
What is the correct sequence for the central dogma processes?
- Translation -> DNA replication -> Transcription
- Transcription -> Translation -> DNA replication
- DNA replication -> Transcription -> Translation (correct)
- Transcription -> DNA replication -> Translation
Which of the following is true about RNA synthesis?
Which of the following is true about RNA synthesis?
- RNA synthesis produces proteins directly.
- RNA synthesis begins at a promoter region on DNA. (correct)
- RNA synthesis occurs simultaneously with translation.
- RNA synthesis occurs only during the S phase of the cell cycle.
In prokaryotic protein synthesis, which ribosomal subunit pairs with mRNA first during translation?
In prokaryotic protein synthesis, which ribosomal subunit pairs with mRNA first during translation?
- 60s subunit
- 50s subunit
- 30s subunit (correct)
- 40s subunit
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for elongating the new DNA strand?
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for elongating the new DNA strand?
Which of the following statements about the lagging strand during DNA replication is correct?
Which of the following statements about the lagging strand during DNA replication is correct?
Which molecule carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome?
Which molecule carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome?
What role does Methionine play in the translation process?
What role does Methionine play in the translation process?
Which step is NOT part of the transcription process?
Which step is NOT part of the transcription process?
Flashcards
DNA replication
DNA replication
The process in which a cell's DNA is copied to create two identical DNA molecules.
Primase
Primase
The enzyme that initiates DNA replication by synthesizing short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA polymerase.
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the new DNA strand, following the template strand.
Leading strand
Leading strand
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Lagging strand
Lagging strand
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Okazaki fragments
Okazaki fragments
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Study Notes
Central Dogma
- The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system
- It involves two main processes: transcription and translation
- Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, the first step in the central dogma
- Translation is the synthesis of protein from RNA, the second step in the central dogma
Transcription
- Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA
- The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA molecule
- RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand towards the 5' end
- RNA is synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction
- A promoter region of DNA initiates transcription
Translation
- Translation is the process of making a protein from RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome to build a protein
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the structure of ribosomes and helps link amino acids together during protein synthesis
- Methionine (Met) is the first amino acid in protein synthesis
- Steps of translation include: binding of mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit, initiation of ribosome formation and tRNA entry, forming peptide bonds, and translocation
- The process terminates at a stop codon
DNA Replication
- DNA replication happens during the S phase of the cell cycle
- Enzymes involved in DNA replication include DNA polymerases (I, II, III), primases, and ligases
- There are two strands in DNA replication; leading and lagging
- The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction
- The lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) in the 5' to 3' direction
- Enzymes such as primase are part of the replication process and bring in RNA nucleotides complementary to DNA nucleotides in the template
- Okazaki fragments are created because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, and the replication forks move in the opposite direction.
Ribosomes
- Eukaryotic ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits
- Prokaryotic ribosomes have 50S and 30S subunits
- Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis, linking amino acids to create polypeptide chains (proteins)
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