67 Questions
Which term refers to the collective body of genetic information in an organism?
Genome
What did Mendel establish based on his studies of pea plants?
The laws of inheritance
What are the units of inheritance called?
Genes
How many forms of a gene called alleles control each trait?
Two
What happens when alleles controlling a trait are nonidentical?
The dominant allele masks the recessive allele
How many alleles for each trait are inherited, one from each parent?
Two
What is the term for the separation (segregation) of pairs of genes during gamete formation?
Independent assortment
Which enzymes change the level of DNA supercoiling?
Both Type I and Type II topoisomerases
What is the rate of renaturation of DNA from bacteria and viruses dependent on?
The size of their genome
What percentage of total DNA do highly repeated DNA sequences represent?
1-10%
What are satellite DNAs?
Short sequences that tend to evolve very rapidly
What are SINEs and LINEs?
Repeated DNA sequences that lack coding functions
What type of diseases result from expansion of trinucleotide repeats?
Both Type I and Type II diseases
What causes polyploidization in offspring?
Both hybrids from closely related parents and duplicate chromosomes not separated in embryonic cells
Which of the following is true about chromosomes?
Chromosomes are the carriers of genetic information.
Which statement about genes on the same chromosome is correct?
Genes on the same chromosome are part of the same linkage group.
What did studies with Drosophila confirm?
Genes reside on chromosomes.
What is the significance of crossing over and recombination?
The frequency of recombination indicates distance between genes.
What is true about exposure to X-rays?
Exposure to X-rays increases the rate of spontaneous mutations.
What is the chemical structure of DNA?
DNA consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and either a pyrimidine or purine nitrogenous base.
What is true about the DNA molecule?
The DNA molecule is held together by covalent bonds between each base.
Which of the following is true about the evolution of globin genes?
Ancestral forms have given rise to recent forms
What are transposable elements?
Genes capable of moving within a chromosome
How do retrotransposons replicate their genome?
By using an RNA intermediate which produces a complementary DNA via reverse transcriptase
What are the possible evolutionary roles of transposable elements?
All of the above
How many genes are estimated to be present in the human genome?
About 20,000
What is the term used for segments of the genome that can change and involve large segments of the DNA?
Structural variants
What is the most common type of variability among humans at the DNA level?
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
What is the gene FOXP2 known as?
The speech gene
What is the function of the gene AMY1?
Enzyme amylase production
Which enzyme is responsible for changing the level of DNA supercoiling?
Topoisomerase
What is the term used for the ability of DNA to separate into two strands?
Denaturation
Which class of DNA sequences represents about 1-10% of total DNA and tends to evolve rapidly?
Satellite DNAs
Which class of repeated DNA sequences includes genes that code for ribosomal RNA and histones?
Moderately repeated DNA sequences with coding functions
What is the term used for the duplication of a portion of a single chromosome?
Gene duplication
What type of diseases result from the expansion of trinucleotide repeats?
Neurodegenerative disorders
What is the term used for the process in which offspring receive more than two sets of chromosomes from their parents?
Polyploidization
Which of the following is true about homologous chromosomes?
They are present as pairs
What did Morgan use as a primary tool for genetic research?
Fruit flies
What is the percentage of recombination between a pair of genes?
Constant
What is the function of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila?
To observe specific bands correlated with individual genes
What is the structure of a nucleotide in DNA?
Phosphate, sugar, and either a pyrimidine or purine base
What did Chargaff establish about the base composition of DNA?
Number of adenine = number of thymine
What holds the two DNA chains together in a double helix?
Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is true about transposable elements?
Transposable elements are capable of moving within a chromosome
What is the term used for the duplication of genes?
Duplication
What is the function of the gene FOXP2?
It is involved in speech
What is the most common type of DNA sequence variability among humans?
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
What is the term used for large changes in segments of the genome?
Structural variants
What is the term used for DNA sequences that resemble functional genes but are nonfunctional?
Pseudogenes
What is the term used for the collective body of genetic information in an organism?
Genome
What is true about the gene AMY1?
It encodes the enzyme amylase
What is the term used for the movement of transposable elements within a chromosome?
Transposition
What is the term used for the units of inheritance called?
Genes
What did Mendel establish based on his studies of pea plants?
The laws of inheritance
What is the term used for the duplication of genes?
Duplication
What is the term used for the collective body of genetic information in an organism?
Genome
What is the term used for segments of the genome that can change and involve large segments of the DNA?
Transposable elements
What is the term used for the ability of DNA to separate into two strands?
Denaturation
What is the term used for the movement of transposable elements within a chromosome?
Transposition
Which of the following is true about genes on chromosomes?
Genes are located on chromosomes
What is the term used for the separation (segregation) of pairs of genes during gamete formation?
Segregation
What did Mendel establish based on his studies of pea plants?
The laws of inheritance
What is the term for the collective body of genetic information in an organism?
Genome
What is true about exposure to X-rays?
Exposure to X-rays can cause mutations in genes
What is the chemical structure of DNA?
Double-stranded helix
What is the significance of crossing over and recombination?
They create new combinations of alleles
Test your knowledge on the functions and chemical nature of genetic material in this quiz. Learn about DNA supercoiling and its role in compacting DNA. Explore the concepts of underwound and overwound DNA and their impact on supercoiling.
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