DNA Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a zygote?

  • A gamete containing half the chromosomes
  • A type of chromosome
  • A fertilised egg cell (correct)
  • A mature sperm cell

    • How many chromosomes does each gamete contribute?

  • The total number of chromosomes in the individual
  • A varying number of chromosomes depending on the species
  • Half the total number of chromosomes (correct)
  • All of the chromosomes from both parents

    • What occurs during prophase that affects chromosomes?

  • Separation of gametes
  • Crossing over of chromosomes (correct)
  • Doubling of DNA content
  • Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus

    • What would be the outcome of a cell division that does not sort chromosomes randomly?

    <p>Genetically identical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase, what is the position of the chromosomes?

    <p>Aligned on the center plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are there in a human zygote?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the genetic outcome of offspring not identical to their parents?

    <p>Because of the independent assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes genes in relation to chromosomes?

    <p>Genes are segments of DNA on chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the number of chromosomes during mitosis?

    <p>It remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cell divisions take place during meiosis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To maintain genetic identicality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by binary fission?

    <p>Two identical organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of mutations in DNA?

    <p>They cause changes in the genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organisms that are poorly adapted to their environment?

    <p>They may struggle to survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do extremophiles seem to have changed little over billions of years?

    <p>They thrive in stable environments similar to early Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sexual reproduction in organisms primarily achieve?

    <p>Halving genetic material in sex cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'homozygous' refer to in genetics?

    <p>Both alleles are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits was NOT listed as a characteristic in the content?

    <p>Blue seed form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by a 'pure-breeding' trait?

    <p>Every generation is the same for that trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Punnett square scenario for Huntington's disease, which allele is dominant?

    <p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phenotype describe?

    <p>The physical appearance of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dominant traits characterized in the context of Mendelian genetics?

    <p>Only one copy of the allele affects the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Reginald Punnett develop for genetic analysis?

    <p>Punnett square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Mendel conclude that traits behaved independently?

    <p>He considered each trait as a single variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up a nucleotide?

    <p>A sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleic acid base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of semi-conservative replication, what happens to the DNA molecule?

    <p>A new complementary strand is made using the original as a template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two bases pair together in DNA?

    <p>Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription occur in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where mRNA is translated into a protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of DNA replication?

    <p>Two genetically identical copies of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the model of DNA that considers the contributions of multiple scientists?

    <p>Rosalind Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how many total codons are present in the sequence TAT AAC CCG CGG TTC TGA?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between natural reproduction and IVF?

    <p>IVF can be successful for infertile couples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the conversion of RNA information into a protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's experiments, what was a key factor that contributed to the purity of the lines he studied?

    <p>Self-fertilisation of plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the cost implications of natural reproduction compared to IVF?

    <p>Natural reproduction is usually less expensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transcription in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>To synthesize a complementary RNA strand from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might IVF present ethical dilemmas?

    <p>It often involves the manipulation of multiple eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of transcription?

    <p>RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fertilisation methods is true?

    <p>Natural reproduction does not usually involve invasive procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA - the master molecule

    • DNA is made up of nucleotides.
    • Each nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
    • There are four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
    • Adenine and thymine pair, and guanine and cytosine pair.
    • DNA has a double helix structure.

    Rosalind Franklin

    • Rosalind Franklin was an important scientist in the discovery of the structure of DNA.
    • Franklin's research on DNA was vital for discovering the structure of DNA, even though she wasn't initially credited.

    DNA replication

    • DNA replication is the process of copying DNA.
    • The process is semi-conservative, which means each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.

    Transcription and translation

    • Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA.
    • Translation is the process of using RNA to make proteins.

    Gene mutations

    • Mutations are changes in DNA.
    • Mutations can be helpful, harmful or neutral.
    • Mutations are the source of genetic variation.

    Gregor Mendel and genetics

    • Gregor Mendel was a pioneering geneticist.
    • Mendel's work with pea plants helped to establish the basic principles of inheritance.
    • Mendel discovered that traits are passed down from parents to offspring in predictable patterns.

    Terms

    • Allele: an alternative form of a gene
    • Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a trait
    • Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a trait
    • Pure-breeding: organisms that consistently produce offspring with the same trait
    • Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an organism
    • Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
    • Autosomal genes: genes located on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
    • Dominant allele: an allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele
    • Recessive allele: an allele that is masked by a dominant allele

    Mitosis vs. Meiosis

    • Mitosis: a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
      • used for growth and repair
    • Meiosis: a type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
      • used for sexual reproduction

    IVF

    • IVF is a process of fertilization that occurs outside of the body.
    • IVF involves several steps including hormone stimulation of egg production, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo transfer.
    • IVF helps people who have difficulty conceiving naturally.

    Ethical considerations of IVF

    • IVF is a complex and controversial topic with ethical implications including:
      • the use of donor sperm or eggs
      • the potential for multiple births
      • the cost of IVF
      • discarding embryos

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    Student Textbook Answers - Chapter 1 Genetics & Biotechnology - SCNSW 2014 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on DNA, its structure, and the vital processes of replication, transcription, and translation. Explore the key contributions of scientists like Rosalind Franklin and understand the impact of gene mutations. This quiz covers essential concepts in molecular biology.

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