DNA Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of RNA polymerase in protein synthesis?

  • It helps in the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
  • It synthesizes mRNA using DNA as a template. (correct)
  • It binds tRNA to the ribosome.
  • It translates mRNA into proteins.

    • How many protein-coding genes are estimated to be in the human genome?

  • 20,000 - 50,000 (correct)
  • 50,000 - 100,000
  • 100,000 - 200,000
  • 10,000 - 20,000

    • What is the significance of codons in mRNA?

  • They help in the binding of mRNA to DNA.
  • They act as a protective cap for the mRNA.
  • They are the segments that code for specific amino acids. (correct)
  • They specify the start codon for ribosome assembly.

    • What happens during the elongation phase of translation?

    <p>A polypeptide chain is formed through peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a mutation?

    <p>A change in the DNA sequence that may affect protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the end of the translation process?

    <p>A functional protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of a mutation in the DNA sequence during protein synthesis?

    <p>It can cause a change in amino acid composition of a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components that make up a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogen bases pair together in DNA?

    <p>Adenine with Thymine, Cytosine with Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in the context of genetic material?

    <p>To form instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DNA play in immunology, according to the content?

    <p>It stimulates bacteria's innate immunity system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is genetic material found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Freely floating in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the human genetic code quantified?

    <p>6.4 billion base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds form between complementary nitrogen bases in DNA?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of DNA?

    <p>Metabolic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Function

    • DNA is the genetic material in cells.
    • Eukaryotic cells contain DNA in the nucleus; prokaryotic cells have it in the cytoplasm.
    • DNA is a double-stranded molecule formed from nucleotide monomers.
    • Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C).
    • The order of nitrogenous bases forms the genetic code.
    • Base pairs are formed through hydrogen bonds: A-T (double bond), C-G (triple bond).
    • The human genome has ~6.4 billion base pairs.

    DNA's Role

    • DNA has three main roles: genetic, structural, and immunological.
    • Genetic Function: DNA provides instructions for protein synthesis.
    • Structural Function: DNA can bind to other molecules to create biofilms, a bacterial growth environment.
    • Immunological Function (bacterial): Stretches of DNA (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9) can stimulate a bacterial immune response against pathogens (like viruses).

    DNA and Protein Production

    • Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
    • DNA dictates which proteins are produced and in what quantity.
    • DNA is divided into genes, with each gene encoding one protein.
    • Humans have approximately 20,000-50,000 protein-coding genes.

    Protein Synthesis - Transcription

    • Protein synthesis begins with transcription.
    • RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • mRNA is a single-stranded molecule; 3 base pairs on mRNA form a codon, coding for a specific amino acid.
    • mRNA moves to the cytoplasm for the next step.

    Protein Synthesis - Translation

    • Translation happens in the cytoplasm.
    • mRNA attaches to ribosomes.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome.
    • tRNA anticodons match mRNA codons.
    • Amino acids bond to form a polypeptide chain.
    • The chain becomes a functional protein after reaching a termination codon.

    DNA Errors and Mutations

    • DNA replication and cell division can introduce errors – mutations.
    • Mutations change DNA sequences.
    • Often, DNA repair mechanisms fix these mutations.
    • Some mutations impact protein synthesis.
    • Changes in amino acids alter protein shape and function, causing diseases like cystic fibrosis, cancer, and Huntington's disease.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of DNA, including its roles in genetics, structure, and immunity. This quiz covers key concepts such as nucleotide composition, base pairing, and the human genome. Perfect for biology students seeking to enhance their understanding of molecular biology.

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